科尔沁沙地沙丘水分深层渗漏量和侧向运移量

沙丘水分的深层渗漏和侧向运移与深层土壤水、地下水及相邻丘间低地的水分状况密切关联。以科尔沁沙地典型流动沙丘迎风坡坡底\,迎风坡坡中、坡顶、背风坡坡中和背风坡坡底监测点为例,采用自制的水分渗漏量及侧向运移量的监测装置,测定了科尔沁沙地流动沙丘各坡位入渗到0~100 cm土层雨水沿坡面的侧向运移量及入渗到100 cm以下的深层渗漏量。结果表明:生长季(5-10月)流动沙丘坡顶、迎风坡坡中、背风坡坡中、背风坡坡底处累积深层渗漏量分别为44.46、78.65、61.84、147.6 mm,分别占同期降雨量的17.03%、30.12%、23.68%、56.53%;迎风坡坡中、背风坡坡中、背风坡坡底处的累积侧向运移量分别为32.35、96.47、82.59mm,分别占同期降雨量的12.39%、36.95%、31.63%。迎风坡坡中(P<0.01)和坡顶(P<0.05)的月深层渗漏量与月降雨量均显著正相关;背风坡坡中(P<0.01)和背风坡坡底(P<0.05)的月侧向运移量与降雨量均显著正相关。     

Is the connectivity function a good indicator of soil infiltrability distribution and runoff flow dimension?

Among the studies on runoff connectivity of soils with heterogeneous properties, the need to understand the relationships between soil heterogeneity and the associated runoff organization and amount is frequently mentioned. In this study, we simulate the stationary runoff–runon process on bi‐dimensional (2D) flat slopes for five infiltrability distributions, one of them correlated, as a function of rainfall intensity and flow dimension. We define flow dimension by 1 + ε, where ε is the outflow fraction transferred from one pixel to each of the two lateral downslope pixels. Our aim is to assess the effect of ε and soil heterogeneity on the connectivity function compared to the mean runoff flow rate, the wet area and the number of runoff patterns. The analysis of connectivity is carried within the percolation framework. The results show that the integral connectivity scale is more sensitive to the flow dimension and soil heterogeneity compared to the other variables. The wet area fraction does not depend on ε. Unlike previous studies, we find that increased runoff production is not necessarily related to increased connectivity. The use of the connectivity function within the percolation framework appears to be a valuable method for assessing the impact of soil heterogeneity and flow dimension on the runoff organization during a rainfall event. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

煤岩体采动裂隙网络的逾渗与分形特征关系研究

以平煤八矿己15-22060工作面为背景,引入逾渗和分形理论,分析了煤岩体裂隙网络的演化特征,得到了逾渗概率和分形维数随工作面推进度的变化规律及二者的变化关系。结果表明：逾渗概率的大小受横向离层裂隙和竖向破断裂隙的发育、贯通等因素影响,随工作面推进分阶段线性增大,且增幅有增大的趋势;随工作面推进煤岩体的裂隙网络逐步向工作面前方煤体和上覆岩层扩展,分形维数大小受裂隙的长度、宽度、数量、分布等因素控制,升维过程大致可分为3个阶段;煤岩体裂隙网络的逾渗概率与分形维数的关系可分段拟合为1个幂函数和2个线性函数,且具有很好的相关性,数学模型的建立可为研究煤岩体裂隙网络的等效渗透率奠定一定的基础。     

The effect of spontaneous gas expansion and mobilization on the aqueous-phase concentrations above a dense non-aqueous phase liquid pool

The spontaneous expansion and mobilization of discontinuous gas above dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) pools can affect the aqueous-phase concentrations of the DNAPL constituents above the pool. The results of an intermediate-scale, two-dimensional flow cell experiment showed that the discontinuous gas flow produced by spontaneous expansion, driven by the partitioning of 1,1,1-TCA from the surface of a DNAPL pool, resulted in detectable aqueous-phase concentrations of 1,1,1-TCA well above the pool surface. In comparison to a conventional model for DNAPL pool dissolution in the absence of a discontinuous gas phase, these concentrations were greater than expected, and were present at greater than expected elevations. Additionally, this study showed that the discontinuous gas flow produced transient behavior in the aqueous-phase concentrations, where the elevated concentrations occurred as short-term, pulse-like events. These results suggest that the spontaneous expansion and mobilization of discontinuous gas in DNAPL source zones could lead to the misdiagnosis of source zone architecture using aqueous concentration data, and that the transient nature of the elevated concentrations could further complicate the difficult task of source zone characterization.     

Hyperslow drainage in a porous medium: Influence of retention curve

We investigate the process of very slow drainage from pore network simulations in relation with the study of the repository of radioactive waste materials in deep geological formation. The process is characterized by a quite low desaturation of the medium. Considering the special case of a constant stabilizing gradient, we study the sensitivity of the solution given by the classical continuum two-phase flow model to the shape of the retention curve. The solution is found to be very sensitive to the evolution of the retention curve in the range of the high wetting fluid saturations. We show how to construct the retention curve so as to minimize the prediction error with the classical two-phase flow model.     

安塞油田坪桥难采区油藏特征及开发对策

难动用储量多处于各油藏边部,物性变差、丰度低。坪桥难采区长6储层与已开发的坪桥老区相比,碎屑颗粒细,填隙物含量高,物性差,排驱压力、中值压力大,面孔率小(尤其是残余粒间孔少),属于典型的特低渗储层。具有明显的非达西渗流特征,较大的启动压力梯度。同时,黏土矿物的水化分散和微粒运移造成储层的水敏和速敏损害等特点。为减少储层伤害、增加储层渗流能力、建立有效的压力驱替系统,运用油藏精细描述技术、井网优化技术、超前注水技术、优化压裂改造方案、黏土稳定剂等技术措施,实施效果显著。     

Water percolation in a thick unsaturated loess layer considering the ground‐atmosphere interaction

The key objective of this paper is to advance our present understanding of how surface water infiltrates in thick unsaturated loess, which is found in arid and semiarid regions of the world, considering the ground‐atmosphere interaction. In situ data for a period of 1 year in thick loess layer at a site in the Loess Plateau of China that has groundwater table at 97.5 m depth were collected for achieving this objective. Climate factors, mainly rainfall and actual evaporation, were measured. In addition, variations of soil temperature and water content at different depths in the unsaturated zone were also measured. The data were used to interpret the water percolation characteristics by dividing the thick unsaturated zone into three zones; namely, (i) surface zone, which constitutes the top 1.0 m, (ii) unsteady zone, which is from 1.0 to 7.0 m, and (iii) steady zone, which is below 7.0 m. In the surface zone, soil temperature and water content are sensitive to climate factors. There is a variation of water content associated with the cumulative influence of infiltration and evaporation in the precipitation and nonprecipitation periods, respectively. In the unsteady zone, the water content is relatively constant; however, temperature varies in different seasons. Water percolation in this zone is both in liquid and vapour phases. In the steady zone, both soil temperature and water content are constant during the entire investigation period. The percolation velocity in this zone is approximately 1.23 × 10^?8 m/s or 0.39 m/year, which suggests that it will take approximately 230.8 years for surface water to pass through the thick unsaturated zone and recharge the groundwater.     

On the reconstruction of structural and functional properties in random heterogeneous media

Flow and transport in porous media is determined by its structure. Beside spatial correlation, especially the connectivity of heterogeneous conductivities is acknowledged to be a key factor. This has been demonstrated for well defined random fields having different topological properties. Yet, it remains an open question which morphological measures carry sufficient information to actually predict flow and transport in porous media. We analyze flow and transport in classical, two-dimensional random fields showing different topology and we determine a selection of structural characteristics including classical two-point statistics, chord-length distribution and Minkowski functions (four-point statistics) including the Euler number as a topological measure. Using the approach of simulated annealing for global optimization we generate analog random fields that are forced to reproduce one or several of theses structural characteristics. Finally we evaluate in how far the generated analogons reproduce the original flow and transport behavior as well as some more elaborate structural characteristics including percolation probabilities and the pair connectivity function. The results confirm that two-point statistics is insufficient to capture functional properties since it is not sensitive to connectivity. In contrast, the combination of Minkowski functions and chord length distributions carries sufficient information to reproduce the breakthrough curve of a conservative solute. Hence, global topology provided by the Euler number together with local clustering provided by the chord length distribution seems to be a powerful condensation of structural complexity with respect to functional properties.     

一种基于逾渗模型的裂隙岩石渗透系数确定方法

针对裂隙岩体提出了一种基于双重逾渗模型的渗流系数分析方法。通过变参数研究,考察了岩体中渗流和孔压分布的不均匀;根据裂隙长度的不同将岩体分为孔隙控制渗流模式和裂隙控制渗流模式。这种模型不仅能够同时考虑孔隙和裂隙的作用,而且在模拟大规模裂隙网络时更加快捷简便。     

The statistical properties of immiscible fluid displacement in bond/site correlated network models of porous media

A statistical formulation is introduced which allows the determination of capillary pressure and relative permeability curves from lattice properties and, by extension, possibly core properties. Comparisons of statistical results to simulation results generally show good agreement for both drainage and imbibition. These processes turn out to be two different formulations of a single problem in one view presented here. Both agreement and disagreement between statistics and simulation results provide insight into the characteristics of the flow of immiscible fluids in porous media. A considerable amount of topological information on the fluids is also obtainable by these methods.