基于农户视角的耕地细碎化程度评价——以湖北省“江夏区—咸安区—通山县”为例

农户是耕地最主要的经营主体,基于农户视角构建耕地细碎化程度评价指标体系更为合理。本文选取湖北省“江夏区—咸安区—通山县”作为研究区域,采用改进的TOPSIS法,利用农户问卷调查数据,对耕地细碎化程度评价进行了实证研究。结果表明：①耕地细碎化程度衡量指标的选取应基于耕地细碎化的属性特征,从农户微观视角,选取地块平均面积、地块数量、地块间的平均距离3个指标,衡量某一区域的耕地细碎化程度;②耕地细碎化在岗地平原地区与低山丘陵地区间存在显著差异,岗地平原地区的耕地细碎化程度低于低山丘陵地区;③研究区域地形地貌呈现出“北部岗地平原—南部低山丘陵”的分布特征,耕地细碎化的综合程度基本上呈现出“北部低—南部高”的分布规律;④在不同经济发展水平地区耕地细碎化存在显著差异,在岗地平原地区,经济发展水平越高的地区,耕地细碎化程度越高;而在低山丘陵地区,经济发展水平越高的地区,耕地细碎化程度越低。     

COMMENTS ON “SPATIAL VARIATION OF HILLSLOPE PROFILES IN THE CUMBERLAND PLATEAU,KENTUCKY” BY EDMUND B. WOOOS

Book Reviewed in this article:

Main Street: Northeastern Oregon: The Founding and Development of Small Towns. Barbara Ruth Bailey.

Food Politics: The Regional Conflict. David N. Balaam and Michael J. Carey, eds.

The International Economy and Industrial Development: Trade and Investment in the Third World. R. Ballance, J. Ansari and H. Singer.

Neighborhoods in Urban America. Ronald H. Bayor, ed.

The English Heartland. By Robert Beckinsale and Monica Beckinsale.

Regional Dimensions of Industrial Policy. Michael E. Bell and Paul S. Lande, eds.

Tension Areas of the World. D. Gordon Bennett, ed.

Latin America: an Introductory Survey. B. W. Blouet and O. M. Blouet, eds.

Integration and Division: Geographical Perspectives on the Northern Ireland Problem. Frederick W. Boal and J. Neville H. Douglas, eds.

Energy and Land Use. Robert W. Burchell and David Listokin, eds.

Slopes and Weathering. Michael Clarke and John Small.

Alaska's Rural Development. Peter G. Cornwall and Gerald McBeath, eds.

The Politics of Park Design: A History of Urban Parks in America. Galen Cranz.

World Congress on Land Policy, 1980, Proceedings. Matthew Cullen and Sharon Woolery, eds.

Oregon Divided: A Regional Geography. Samuel N. Dicken and Emily F. Dicken.

Urban Food Marketing and Third World Rural Development. T. Scarlett Epstein.

South Africa: Spatial Frameworks for Development. T. J. D. Fair.

Institutions and Geographical Patterns. Robin Flowerdew, ed.

Industrialization of U.S. Agriculture, An Interpretive Atlas. Howard F. Gregor.

Planning Theory: Prospects for the 1980s. Patsy Healy, Glen McDougall and Michael J. Thomas, eds.

Neighborhood Mobilization: Redevelopment and Response. Jeffrey R. Henig.

The American Urban System: A Geographical Perspective. R. J. Johnston.

Climate, History and the Modern World. Hubert H. Lamb.

Climate and History: Studies in Past Climates and Their Impact on Man. T. M. L. Wigley, M. J. Ingram and G. Farmer.

China: Railways and Agricultural Development, 1875–1935. Ernest P. Liang.

A Desirable Energy Future—A National Perspective. Robert S. Livingston, T. D. Anderson, T. M. Besmann, M. Olszewski, A. M. Perry, and C. D. West.

Topothesia: Essays Presented to T. S. Ó Máille. B. S. Mac Aodha, ed.

Transportation for the Poor: Research in Rural Mobility. Hal S. Maggied.

Land Uses in American Cities. Harold M. Mayer and Charles R. Haves.

Industrial Organisation and Location. Philip McDermott and Michael Taylor.

Human Adaptability: an Introduction to Ecological Anthropology. Emilio F. Moran.

Regional Analysis and the New International Division of Labor. Frank Moulaert and Patricia W. Salinas, eds.

The Nuclear War Atlas. Victoriaville, Quebec, Canada:

Urbanization and Environmental Quality. Isao Orishimo.

The Garden of Eden: The Botanic Garden and the Re-Creation of Paradise. John Prest.

Earthfire, The Eruption of Mount St. Helens. Charles Rosenfeld and Robert Cooke.

Contest for the South China Sea. Marwyn S. Samuels.

The Future of the Wetlands: Assessing Visual-Cultural Values. Richard C. Smardon, ed.

Tucson: the Life and Times of An American City. C. L. Sonnichsen.

The Geography of Multinationals. Michael Taylor and Nigel Thrift, eds.

Impact of Marine Pollution on Society. Virginia Tippie and Dana Kester.

Reviving the Industrial City: the Politics of Urban Renewal in Lyon and Birmingham. Jerry A. Webman.

Andean Reflections: Letters from Carl O. Sauer While on a South American Trip under a Grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, 1942. Robert C. West, ed.

Cartographic Drawing with Computers. P. Yoeli.     

Family or Enterprise? What shapes the business structures of Australian farming?

Australian farmers navigate their contemporary circumstances through the use of different business and legal arrangements that are shaped by the commercial realities of farming and the aspirations of farm-owning households. In posing the question ‘Family or Enterprise?’, this paper examines the extent to which various household and farm business indicators are associated with different forms of farm ownership, namely sole proprietorships, partnerships, trusts and companies. Results from a postal survey of farm enterprises in Victoria, Australia suggest that both household and enterprise factors contribute to the business structure used, although the strongest determinants appear to be those factors that are less well understood in the rural geographical and sociological literature: household composition, farmer age and farm size. Greater scrutiny of the business instruments deployed by farmers to manage family and enterprise pressures should inform expectations of the fate of family farming in advanced financialised economies.     

北方土石山区坡耕地水土保持措施的空间有效配置

坡耕地是北方土石山区水土流失的重要策源地,为了有效防治坡耕地水土流失,提高坡耕地持续利用,分析了不同水土保持措施在坡耕地上的适用范围,研究结果显示,耕作措施的水土保持效益随着坡度的增加而降低,在0°~6°的坡度范围内水土保持效果最佳;坡改梯工程的适用范围广泛,水土保持效益稳定,但在陡坡上实施坡改梯工程的难度和成本将显著增加,维护费用高,且土地的损失量大,不宜在土地资源紧张的贫困山区大面积推广;植物篱措施的水土保持效益受坡度的限制性小,在25°以下的坡地上都能收到良好的水土保持效果,且投资少,适合在在广大贫困山区使用。因此,根据北方土石山区的坡耕地的特点及不同水土保持措施最佳适用范围,坡耕地被划分为4个坡度范围分别进行水土保持措施的优化配置,即0°~5°平地及浅丘地采取以耕作措施为主进行治理,5°~15°缓中坡耕地采用以梯田措施为主、植物篱措施为辅进行治理,15°~25°的坡耕地采用植物篱措施为主进行治理,25°以上坡耕地必须退耕还林还草。     

华南地区稻鸭共作系统节肢动物群落多样性的研究

在稻鸭共作系统中,鸭子在田间的觅食活动对稻田系统中节肢动物群落可能产生的影响已引起了较多关注。本研究通过设置稻鸭共作（RD）、常规稻作（CC）和对照（cK）3-ff处理的小区试验来研究稻鸭共作对稻田节肢动物群落的影响。结果表明,稻鸭共作和常规稻作处理区中节肢动物群落的个体数比空白区均有不同程度的减少;稻鸭共作处理区节肢动物群落的个体数、Simpson指数（D）和Shannon指数（H’）均高于常规稻作区;在晚稻生长的分蘖期和孕穗期,稻鸭共作处理区节肢动物群落的个体数、丰富度指数（R）、D、和H’均高于常规稻作区。稻鸭共作有利于维持稻田系统中节肢动物群落的多样性。与施用化学农药和肥料所引起的节肢动物群落丰富度和多样性降低相比,稻鸭共作对稻田节肢动物群落的多样性影响相对较低。     

Advance agriculture in the desert: the Israeli case story

The Israeli Desert constitutes 60% of the country's total area. Regional annual precipitation is 100–200 mm and evaporation reaches 2,500 mm. Traditional desert agriculture of rain fed wheat and sheep, goat and camels grazing is common. Despite the harsh climate conditions, advance agriculture is concentrated in foci where water resources exist. Desert agriculture takes advantage of the winter(October–April) due to a mild climate season for growing vegetables, flowers, herbs and fruit which are mostly exported to European countries. The key factor is the sustainable management of the local natural resources. The regional research and development(RD) system is generating adequate local knowledge and technologies. The most important key factor is developing water resources, and using irrigation saving water systems such as drip irrigation. Technologies of protected agriculture such as greenhouses and plastic tunnels are used. The unfit desert soil is substitute by sand and artificial growing media. For gaining market purposes, introduction of botanical species was implemented for various flowers and vegetable varieties, avocado, pitaya, and jojoba. Controlled drip irrigation and drainage helps to solve salinity problems. Integrated Pest Management(IPM) is used to overcome plant protection issues. Advance raising of milking cows was developed by using reduction heat stress methods. Tilapia are raised in open ponds and greenhouse ponds, and ostriches adapted to desert conditions were introduced. On the southern Judean hills where precipitation is 250 mm, through soil conservation and rain harvesting, significant afforestation is changing the desert scenery. The human factor on this process such as farmers, agricultural extension agents and research scientists is the leading factor.     

Water quality of a lowland stream in a New Zealand dairy farming catchment

A small stream in a predominantly dairying catchment in the Waikato region of New Zealand was monitored for 2 years at three sites. Total nitrogen (TN) concentrations were up to 7.09 g m^‐3 in winter, with the bulk comprising nitrate nitrogen (NO^‐ ₃‐N). During summer NO^‐ ₃‐N was near zero and TN mostly comprised organic nitrogen. Maximum concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) and dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) were 1.64 and 0.555 g m^‐3, respectively, and peaks coincided with spring and autumn applications of phosphorus fertiliser. Ammoniacal nitrogen concentrations exceeded 1 g m^‐3 on several occasions and mean concentrations at the three sites were 0.165–0.272 g m^‐3. Faecal coliform and enterococci bacteria concentrations were 64–26000 and 7–23000 cfu per 100 ml, respectively. Specific yields of TN and NO^‐ ₃‐N (35.3 and 30.7 kg ha yr^‐1, respectively) were much greater than any previously reported for New Zealand pasture catchments, whereas TP and DRP yields (1.16 and 0.54 kg ha yr^‐1, respectively) were more in accord with other studies. Greater use of land treatment of liquid wastes will reduce stream inputs of faecal organisms, NH₄‐N and P.     

山区土地流转对缓解耕地撂荒的作用

耕地撂荒是目前山区发展较快的一种土地利用变化,耕地流转能否缓解这一过程,促进土地资源有效配置,以避免耕地资源浪费,是一个值得探讨的课题。借助前期研究成果,使用多视角两因素散点分析和单因素相关分析方法,旨在查明山区耕地流转对缓解耕地撂荒的作用,结果表明:1在村级尺度上,样区耕地流转与耕地撂荒间呈现显著负相关关系,流转率高的村庄,撂荒率低,尤其在优等耕作条件的耕地中表现更为突出,说明耕地流转可以减少优等耕作条件的耕地撂荒;2在地块尺度上,优等耕作条件的耕地撂荒率显著低于劣等耕作条件,样区耕地的撂荒主要由Ⅳ等耕作条件的耕地所贡献;3在村级尺度上,样区耕作条件对耕地撂荒率的作用较弱,村样本间耕作条件对撂荒率差异的解释能力不强,优等耕作条件的耕地撂荒仍然存在,说明以耕地流转率代表的土地租赁市场尚不发育;4但是,样区耕地流转率高的村庄,优等耕作条件的耕地撂荒率低,说明耕地撂荒仍然受到土地租赁市场的完善程度所左右,且土地租赁市场在优化耕地资源利用方面的作用已有一定程度的显现;5进一步完善土地租赁的市场化程度,有助于减少或降低耕地撂荒现象的发生,可以避免优等耕作条件的耕地浪费。     

岩溶脆弱生态区农业可持续发展模式创新构想——岩溶流水养鱼生态沟驱动模式

以贵州省为例,借鉴传统农业开发模式,充分挖掘岩溶区资源优势,通过改造传统养鱼业,提升产品质量,将生态农业开发、特色冷水鱼养殖、生态环境保护与旅游业“串并”结合,实现融合互动,提出岩溶区农业可持续发展新模式——岩溶流水养鱼生态沟驱动模式.进而阐述其概念和内涵,在此基础上,从资源依托性、经济价值、生态效应、交通和市场角度,分析该模式在岩溶区实施的可行性.研究表明:岩溶流水养鱼生态沟驱动模式是有别于岩溶区传统农业发展模式的创新模式,在岩溶区具有推广的可行性以及生态和经济价值,是充分利用当地资源,使农业增产,农民