华容东湖围栏生态因子的灰关联分析

采用灰色系统关联度分析方法,以空间理论数学为基础,依规范性、偶对称性、整体性和接近性原则,计算并分析了华容东湖围栏12个生态因子的关联度,关联序结果为:总磷总氮氮磷比氨氮浮游植物硝酸氮酸碱度浮游动物水温透明度溶解氧水深。结果表明,总磷、总氮(包括氨氮和硝酸氮)和氮磷比是湖泊水体的优势影响因子。通过灰关联分析发现,围栏内水体水质良好,水体的氮磷比及溶解氧都适于浮游生物的生长繁殖,对围栏养殖鳙鱼苗种天然饵料的培育、增加渔产潜力都有重要作用。     

中国北方农牧交错带农业经营方向初探——以晋陕蒙甘宁青地区为例

农业(包括农林牧副渔业等)是对生态环境依附性很强、影响又大的基础产业。要使农业快速、稳定发展,又不损害生态环境,实现可持续农业发展,必须选择正确的农业经营方向。从农牧交错带的资源状况、农业生产对生态环境的负面影响以及建立特色产业3个方面,肯定了研究区宜牧而不宜农,探讨了牧农错位的原因和过程,以及由以农为主向以牧为主经营方向转变的有利条件,并提出了大力发展草食性畜牧业的对策建议。     

Characteristics of nonpoint source pollution load from crop farming in the context of livelihood diversification

Based on objective data collected from interviews in typical villages of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, the present study devised three livelihood scenarios related to rural transformation development: agriculturally dominant livelihood, multiple-type livelihood and non-agriculturally dominant livelihood. Moreover, the present study reports the trend characteristics of nonpoint source pollution load of crop farming in relation to the transformation of dominant livelihood types, and discussed the primary factors which affect livelihood type transformations. Results indicated the following: (1) The current farmland pattern shows a trend of diversification as self-cultivation, cropland transfer and fallow in the sample region. Dynamic characteristics of cultivated land present a special feature that is more “transfer-into” than “transfer-out”. Various scales of planting are represented among the various households, according to the following decreasing order: half-labor household > non-labor household > adequate labor household. (2) The highest pollution loading produced by crop farming occurs in half-labor households while the lowest occurs in non-labor households. With increasing labor, the pollution load per unit area tends to first increase and then decrease within families with enough labor. (3) As the type of livelihood transitions from agriculturally dominant to non-agriculturally dominant, the maximum reduction of total pollution loading produced by the agricultural industry can reach 72.01%. Compared to agriculturally dominant livelihoods, multiple-type livelihoods produce a pollution load reduction yield of 19.61%–29.85%, and non-agriculturally dominant livelihoods reduce the pollution load yield by 35.20%–72.01%. However, the rate of reduction of total nitrogen is not the same as total phosphorus. (4) The non-agricultural characteristics of labor allocation and income promote the transformation from dominant livelihood types to non-agricultural livelihoods, while potential revenue conversion follows a similar trend. In addition, different household types do not display identical conversion rates, according to the following decreasing order: enough labor household > half-labor household > non-labor household. (5) During rapid urbanization and the building of new industrial systems, the livelihood types of rural households have been further transformed to off-farm household types in the mountainous region; this process will lead to the further reduction of pollution load generated by planting and agriculture. Hence, significant decreases in the planting pollution load necessitate the development of control measures to enhance transformations from agricultural to off-farm livelihoods.     

澜沧江流域退耕还林农户土地利用变化及其原因分析——以云县晓街乡为例

从退耕还林工程的实施将改变云南省生态环境的大背景出发,采用对比研究的方法对澜沧江流域退耕还林前后农户对土地资源的利用方式、利用强度及空间分布3个方面进行定性研究,探讨了退耕还林工程对项目区土地利用的影响,并得出如下结论：（1）退耕后农户对土地资源的利用变得更为复杂,主要表现在：土地利用面积增减、利用类型变更、空间分布变化及土地利用组合方式变化;（2）退耕还林工程如果只是将当地原有的生产、生活体系打破而又没有建立起合适的替代体系的话,其综合效益的发挥将受到严重影响。建议提高农户对土地资源的利用效率是当前切实发挥和巩固退耕还林工程综合效益的关键;减少农户生产、生活对土地的依赖才是长远之策。     

RICE PRODUCER‐PROCESSOR NETWORKS IN CÔTE D'IVOIRE*

ABSTRACT. Pressured by structural adjustment loan conditions, Côte d'Ivoire reduced state support for rice production and processing during the 1990s. In this article we examine how various actors in the rice commodity chain adapted to the macroeconomic reforms. Following a brief history of the rice sector, we present the results of fieldwork based on interviews conducted in 2002 of farmers, millers, traders, and workers in the state extension service and nongovernmental organizations. We found that, in the absence of state supports for farmers, private millers became the focal point of regional producer‐processor rice networks. The four networks identified became the sole source of domestic commercial rice when the state removed subsidies for fertilizer and modern seeds, privatized extension, and liberalized prices and imports. To increase their role in the national rice supply, the rice networks may need support through microlending and a focus on niche markets.     

对特种养殖业发展机遇及风险防范的分析与探讨

在我国,特种养殖尚属新兴产业,发展过程中既充满了机遇,又蕴藏着风险,在经历了行业的大起大落之后,逐步回归理性。特种养殖给畜牧业带来了新的生机和活力,是优化农村产业结构、发展特色经济的新亮点。文章分别从国家政策、市场需求、产品开发等不同角度分析了特种养殖业的发展机遇,阐述了客观看待企业宣传、充分进行市场调研、遵循特种养殖规律、加强科学饲养管理对于风险防范的重要作用,对行业的健康发展有一定的借鉴和指导意义。     

COMMENTS ON “SPATIAL VARIATION OF HILLSLOPE PROFILES IN THE CUMBERLAND PLATEAU,KENTUCKY” BY EDMUND B. WOOOS

Book Reviewed in this article:

Main Street: Northeastern Oregon: The Founding and Development of Small Towns. Barbara Ruth Bailey.

Food Politics: The Regional Conflict. David N. Balaam and Michael J. Carey, eds.

The International Economy and Industrial Development: Trade and Investment in the Third World. R. Ballance, J. Ansari and H. Singer.

Neighborhoods in Urban America. Ronald H. Bayor, ed.

The English Heartland. By Robert Beckinsale and Monica Beckinsale.

Regional Dimensions of Industrial Policy. Michael E. Bell and Paul S. Lande, eds.

Tension Areas of the World. D. Gordon Bennett, ed.

Latin America: an Introductory Survey. B. W. Blouet and O. M. Blouet, eds.

Integration and Division: Geographical Perspectives on the Northern Ireland Problem. Frederick W. Boal and J. Neville H. Douglas, eds.

Energy and Land Use. Robert W. Burchell and David Listokin, eds.

Slopes and Weathering. Michael Clarke and John Small.

Alaska's Rural Development. Peter G. Cornwall and Gerald McBeath, eds.

The Politics of Park Design: A History of Urban Parks in America. Galen Cranz.

World Congress on Land Policy, 1980, Proceedings. Matthew Cullen and Sharon Woolery, eds.

Oregon Divided: A Regional Geography. Samuel N. Dicken and Emily F. Dicken.

Urban Food Marketing and Third World Rural Development. T. Scarlett Epstein.

South Africa: Spatial Frameworks for Development. T. J. D. Fair.

Institutions and Geographical Patterns. Robin Flowerdew, ed.

Industrialization of U.S. Agriculture, An Interpretive Atlas. Howard F. Gregor.

Planning Theory: Prospects for the 1980s. Patsy Healy, Glen McDougall and Michael J. Thomas, eds.

Neighborhood Mobilization: Redevelopment and Response. Jeffrey R. Henig.

The American Urban System: A Geographical Perspective. R. J. Johnston.

Climate, History and the Modern World. Hubert H. Lamb.

Climate and History: Studies in Past Climates and Their Impact on Man. T. M. L. Wigley, M. J. Ingram and G. Farmer.

China: Railways and Agricultural Development, 1875–1935. Ernest P. Liang.

A Desirable Energy Future—A National Perspective. Robert S. Livingston, T. D. Anderson, T. M. Besmann, M. Olszewski, A. M. Perry, and C. D. West.

Topothesia: Essays Presented to T. S. Ó Máille. B. S. Mac Aodha, ed.

Transportation for the Poor: Research in Rural Mobility. Hal S. Maggied.

Land Uses in American Cities. Harold M. Mayer and Charles R. Haves.

Industrial Organisation and Location. Philip McDermott and Michael Taylor.

Human Adaptability: an Introduction to Ecological Anthropology. Emilio F. Moran.

Regional Analysis and the New International Division of Labor. Frank Moulaert and Patricia W. Salinas, eds.

The Nuclear War Atlas. Victoriaville, Quebec, Canada:

Urbanization and Environmental Quality. Isao Orishimo.

The Garden of Eden: The Botanic Garden and the Re-Creation of Paradise. John Prest.

Earthfire, The Eruption of Mount St. Helens. Charles Rosenfeld and Robert Cooke.

Contest for the South China Sea. Marwyn S. Samuels.

The Future of the Wetlands: Assessing Visual-Cultural Values. Richard C. Smardon, ed.

Tucson: the Life and Times of An American City. C. L. Sonnichsen.

The Geography of Multinationals. Michael Taylor and Nigel Thrift, eds.

Impact of Marine Pollution on Society. Virginia Tippie and Dana Kester.

Reviving the Industrial City: the Politics of Urban Renewal in Lyon and Birmingham. Jerry A. Webman.

Andean Reflections: Letters from Carl O. Sauer While on a South American Trip under a Grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, 1942. Robert C. West, ed.

Cartographic Drawing with Computers. P. Yoeli.     

Family or Enterprise? What shapes the business structures of Australian farming?

Australian farmers navigate their contemporary circumstances through the use of different business and legal arrangements that are shaped by the commercial realities of farming and the aspirations of farm-owning households. In posing the question ‘Family or Enterprise?’, this paper examines the extent to which various household and farm business indicators are associated with different forms of farm ownership, namely sole proprietorships, partnerships, trusts and companies. Results from a postal survey of farm enterprises in Victoria, Australia suggest that both household and enterprise factors contribute to the business structure used, although the strongest determinants appear to be those factors that are less well understood in the rural geographical and sociological literature: household composition, farmer age and farm size. Greater scrutiny of the business instruments deployed by farmers to manage family and enterprise pressures should inform expectations of the fate of family farming in advanced financialised economies.     

基于农户视角的耕地细碎化程度评价——以湖北省“江夏区—咸安区—通山县”为例

农户是耕地最主要的经营主体,基于农户视角构建耕地细碎化程度评价指标体系更为合理。本文选取湖北省“江夏区—咸安区—通山县”作为研究区域,采用改进的TOPSIS法,利用农户问卷调查数据,对耕地细碎化程度评价进行了实证研究。结果表明：①耕地细碎化程度衡量指标的选取应基于耕地细碎化的属性特征,从农户微观视角,选取地块平均面积、地块数量、地块间的平均距离3个指标,衡量某一区域的耕地细碎化程度;②耕地细碎化在岗地平原地区与低山丘陵地区间存在显著差异,岗地平原地区的耕地细碎化程度低于低山丘陵地区;③研究区域地形地貌呈现出“北部岗地平原—南部低山丘陵”的分布特征,耕地细碎化的综合程度基本上呈现出“北部低—南部高”的分布规律;④在不同经济发展水平地区耕地细碎化存在显著差异,在岗地平原地区,经济发展水平越高的地区,耕地细碎化程度越高;而在低山丘陵地区,经济发展水平越高的地区,耕地细碎化程度越低。     

滇东北山区土地垦殖指数与退耕还林规划

在分析研究该区域基于可持续利用的合理耕地规模基础上,确定了全区及各县（市）合理垦殖指数;采用垦殖合理度和不合理度２个指标定量评价了现状垦殖指数的合理性程度。结合区域土地利用总体规划,制定了该区域退耕还林战略规划方案。