考虑起始坡降双层地基的大应变非线性固结

天然软土成层分布特性及土中渗流存在起始水力坡降的现象已被人们熟知。但变荷载下能同时考虑黏土中起始水力坡降、软土非线性压缩渗透特性及大应变特性的双层地基固结理论还鲜见报道。在拉格朗日坐标系中建立以超静孔压为变量的双层软土地基大应变非线性固结模型并给出其有限差分解。通过与考虑起始水力坡降的单层地基大应变非线性固结数值计算结果对比,验证了差分解的可靠性。着重分析了上、下土层起始坡降无量纲参数R1、R2对双层地基固结性状的影响,分析在大应变与小应变假定下双层地基超静孔压消散及固结沉降变形的异同。结果表明：上层土无量纲参数R1对双层地基固结性状的影响程度较下层土无量纲参数R2显著;大应变假定下双层地基渗流前锋的下移速度要快于小应变假定下的移动速度;大应变假定下考虑起始水力坡降的双层软土地基超静孔压消散速率要比小应变假定下快,且大应变假定下考虑起始水力坡降的双层地基最终沉降量要比小应变假定下大。     

Prograde amphiboles in hematite-bearing basic and quartz schists in the Sanbagawa belt, central Shikoku: relationship between metamorphic field gradient and P-T paths of individual rocks

The prograde amphibole that coexists with chlorite, epidote, muscovite, albite, quartz and hematite in Sanbagawa schists was examined to investigate the relationship between the prograde P-T paths of individual rocks and the metamorphic field gradient in the Sanbagawa metamorphic belt, central Shikoku. The amphibole changes from actinolite, through ferri-winchite and crossite, to barroisite and hornblende with increasing grade along the metamorphic field gradient. However, the sequence of prograde amphibole compositions in each sample varies in different mineral zones. The general scheme can be summarized as: magnesioriebeckite-riebeckite crossite in the upper chlorite zone of lower-grade rocks; crossite or glaucophane barroisite in the garnet zone of medium-grade rocks; and actinolite or winchite barroisite hornblende in the albite-biotite zone of higher-grade rocks. Changes of amphibole composition indicate that the prograde P-T path recorded in the higher-grade rocks was situated on the higher-temperature side of that of the lower-grade rocks and on the lower-pressure side of the metamorphic field gradient. The systematic change of P-T paths implies an increasing d P /d T during continuous subduction. These features can be interpreted as documenting prograde metamorphism within a young subduction zone that has a non-steady-state geotherm.     

中生代火山岩铀矿与重力场的关系

本文在综合整理中国东南沿海一带区域物化探资料的基础上,对羊洲-下桐市-火轩市-酒港一带中生代火山岩铀矿化与深层构造和物化探异常的关系进行了研究。讨论了莫霍面、区域重力场和深层构造的关系;重力梯度带与火山岩铀矿的关系;重力梯度带内浅部重力异常与铀矿的关系。提出了中生代火山岩型铀成矿带与上地幔变异带、重力梯度带之间有密切相关的分布规律,重力梯度带内的浅部重力异常可以确定铀矿的空间位置等看法。此外,水系沉积物的分析结果也反映出Cu、Pb、Zn、Ag以及Ni、Cr、Co等元素的异常,在重力梯度带内有着特定的展布规律,其空间分布与铀元素也具有密切的联系。     

柴达木盆地地温场分布特征及控制因素

含油气盆地的地温场在油气的生成、运聚及盆地演化过程中起着十分重要的作用。柴达木盆地是中国西部重要的含油气盆地,位于喜马拉雅构造域的东北部,盆地现今地温场特征研究不仅为柴达木盆地及周缘陆内或板内大陆动力学及盆地动力学研究提供了科学依据,同时也是油气成烃、成藏及资源评价等工作的研究基础。柴达木盆地现今地温场研究的前期工作主要集中在盆地西部,盆地的北缘、东部开展的工作很少,所用研究数据多取自20世纪之前,盆地现今地温场特征的系统研究尚比较缺乏,亟须开展相关研究工作。文中采用先进的钻孔温度连续采集系统,实现了深井稳态测温工作的大规模化、高精度化,使用光学扫描法测试岩石热导率,获得了批量的、高精度的岩石热导率数据,新增了17口钻井的测温剖面。研究表明：柴达木盆地现今地温梯度平均为(28.6±4.6) ℃/km,地温梯度分布具有西部高,中、东部低的特点。柴达木盆地现今大地热流值平均(55.1±7.9) mW/m2,盆地不同构造单元大地热流分布存在差异。大地热流分布特征表明：柴达木盆地总体属于温盆,热流值低于我国大陆地区大地热流平均值,但高于西部的塔里木、准噶尔盆地。柴达木盆地现今地温场分布特征受地壳深部结构、岩石热导率性质及盆地构造等因素的控制。     

淄博市张店南部地热异常成因

通过研究井温曲线类型,确定研究区纯传导地温梯度为2.5℃/100m;结合各单井地温梯度,圈定了地热异常区域;揭示了该区地热异常具有下段以对流为主、上段以传导为主的特点.通过热水水化学和同位素数据的综合分析表明,该区地下热水补给来源为大气降水,热水赋存于断裂裂隙系统中,且沿断裂裂隙垂向运动十分强烈.     

A conceptual model of valley incision, planation and terrace formation during cold and arid permafrost conditions of Pleistocene southern England

Staircases of gravelly river terrace deposits in southern England occupy valleys typically underlain by frost-susceptible and brecciated bedrocks. The valleys developed during the Quaternary by alternating episodes of (1) brecciation, incision and planation through the bedrock, forming wide low-relief erosion surfaces; and (2) aggradation in braidplains of gravel a few meters thick that bury the erosion surfaces. A conceptual model to account for some of the terraces proposes that brecciation resulted from ice segregation in the ice-rich layer in the upper meters of Pleistocene permafrost, making them vulnerable to fluvial thermal erosion and therefore predisposing the bedrock to planation. The low gradients of the valleys were adjusted such that rivers transferred fine materials out of the basins but lacked the competence to remove gravel, which therefore accumulated within floodplains. The model challenges the prevailing view of incision during climate transitions. It attributes incision and planation to very cold and arid permafrost conditions, when rivers had limited discharges and hillslopes supplied limited volumes of stony debris into valley bottoms.     

直流激电测深二维反演的若干问题研究

目前,激电数据的二维反演主要针对高密度激电数据,而对于常规的激电测深则很少涉及.据此,针对常规激电测深二维反演所涉及到的一些技术难点进行探讨.在正演过程中,根据实测数据实现有限元网格自动剖分,并采用双网格系统,用相邻节点电导率双线性连续进行有限元模拟,并对模拟的误差进行校正.在反演过程中,利用互换原理和Broyden的方法计算偏导数矩阵;采用与奇异值分解算法精度相当的共轭梯度算法求解偏导数矩阵方程.最后通过对模拟数据和实测数据进行反演试算,验证本计算方法是可行的.     

Slope form and basal stream relationships: Some further comments

The nature and strength of the correlation between stream gradient and valley side slope angle are seen to vary according to the order of the stream segment. In addition, it is suggested that the relationship will depend on the efficiency of slope processes, and that this may contribute to tye different from of relationship obtained in different regions.     

The global distribution of methane in the troposphere

Methane has been measured in air samples collected at approximately weekly intervals at 23 globally distributed sites in the NOAA/GMCC cooperative flask sampling network. Sites range in latitude from 90° S to 76° N, and at most of these we report 2 years of data beginning in early 1983. All measurements have been made by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector at the NOAA/GMCC laboratory in Boulder, Colorado. All air samples have been referenced to a single secondary standard of methane-in-air, ensuring a high degree of internal consistency in the data. The precision of measurements is estimated from replicate determinations on each sample as 0.2%. The latitudinal distribution of methane and the seasonal variation of this distribution in the marine boundary layer has been defined in great detail, including a remarkable uniformity in background levels of methane in the Southern Hemisphere. We report for the first time the observation of a complete seasonal cycle of methane at the South Pole. A significant vertical gradient is observed between a sea level and a high altitude site in Hawaii. Globally averaged background concentrations in the marine boundary layer have been calculated for the 2 year-period May 1983–April 1985 inclusive, from which we find an average increase of 12.8 ppb per year, or 0.78% per year when referenced to the globally averaged concentration (1625 ppb) at the mid-point of this period. We present evidence that there has been a slowing down in the methane growth rate.Presented at the Conference on the Scientific Application of Baseline Observations of Atmospheric Composition (SABOAC), Aspendale, Australia, 7–9 November 1984.     

Fluxes and Gradients in the Convective Surface Layer and the Possible Role of Boundary-Layer Depth and Entrainment Flux

We study the relation between fluxes and gradients in the very unstable surface layer by comparing recent proposals in the literature with the well-known Businger–Dyer functions. The recent proposals include results from large-eddy simulation (LES), which account for entrainment effects and effects of the boundary-layer depth. A comparison of the relationships is made with experimental data. The LES-based gradient functions show the impact of entrainment in the surface layer, but the scatter in the field data is too large to confirm this. Therefore this result is preliminary and future tests against new observations are recommended. It appears that the Businger–Dyer relationship behaves differently to the alternatives, and that it deviates from observations for large stability.