Formation of Natural Bitumen and its Implication for Oil/gas Prospect in Dabashan Foreland

Natural bitumen is the evolutionary residue of hydrocarbon of sedimentary organic matter. Several kinds of bitumen with different occurrences, including bitumen in source rock, migration bitumen filled in fault, oil-bed bitumen and paleo-reservoir bitumen, are distributed widely in the Dabashan foreland. These kinds of bitumen represent the process of oil/gas formation, migration and accumulation in the region. Bitumen in source rock filled in fractures and stylolite and experienced deformation simultaneously together with source rock themselves. It indicated that oil/gas generation and expelling from source rock occurred under normal buried thermal conditions during prototype basin evolution stages prior to orogeny. Occurrences of bitumen in source rock indicated that paleo-reservoir formation conditions existed in the Dabashan foreland. Migration bitumen being widespread in the fault revealed that the fault was the main channel for oil/gas migration, which occurred synchronously with Jurassic foreland deformation. Oil-bed bitumen was the kind of pyrolysis bitumen that distributed in solution pores of reservoir rock in the Dabashan foreland depression, the northeastern Sichuan Basin. Geochemistry of oil-bed bitumen indicated that natural gas that accumulated in the Dabashan foreland depression formed from liquid hydrocarbon by pyrolysis process. However, paleo-reservior bitumen in the Dabashan forleland was the kind of degradation bitumen that formed from liquid hydrocarbon within the paleo-reservior by oxidation, alteration and other secondary changes due to paleo-reservior damage during tectonics in the Dabashan foreland. In combination with the tectonic evolution of the Dabashan foreland, it is proposed that the oil/gas generated, migrated and accumulated to form the paleo-reservoir during the Triassic Indosinian tectonic movement. Jurassic collision orogeny, the Yanshan tectonic movement, led to intracontinental orogeny of the Dabashan area accompanied by geofluid expelling and paleo-reservoir damage in the Dabashan foreland. The present work proposed that there is liquid hydrocarbon exploration potential in the Dabashan foreland, while there are prospects for the existence of natural gas in the Dabashan foreland depression.     

古居延绿洲汉代至西夏渠系影像特征及绿洲环境变迁

利用较高分辨率的遥感影像确定出古居延绿洲渠系分布和引水口的位置以及古渠道线路的走向,发现古居延绿洲主要分布在现代绿洲的东侧,至少有6处引水口分布于距雅布赖、东城圈和马圈城一线西侧的水道上。渠系由西向东进入各垦区,各引水口随水道西迁向西延伸。渠系与遗址、古耕地和红柳包间的联系以及¹⁴C\}测年数据表明：  多数渠系始建于汉代,以后长期延用,盛于西夏,弃于元末明初;   古居延绿洲早期荒漠化始于1300aB.P.;   天然水系向西迁移最终导致了古居延绿洲的废弃和完全荒漠化     

陕西富平全新世古气候的初步研究

为了了解黄土高原中部全新世古气候演化特征,通过对陕西富平剖面的地质调查、密集采样和31个样品的孢粉分析,将孢粉图式划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ3个带,分别代表早、中、晚3个时期的孢粉带:Ⅰ带为松-菊-香蒲组合带,以草本植物花粉占优势、针叶树植物花粉含量较高为特征;Ⅱ带为松-栎-蒿-环纹藻组合带,以乔木花粉增加、草本植物花粉减少为特征;Ⅲ带为栎-松-蒿组合带,以草本植物花粉增加、乔木花粉减少为特征.结果表明,早全新世植被为森林草原-干草原,气候干凉-干冷;中全新世植被为森林草原与针阔叶混交林草原,气候温暖半湿润;晚全新世植被为森林草原或疏林草原,气候干旱偏暖-温凉干旱.     

苏北盆地粘土矿物转化模式与古地温

以苏北盆地为例,系统研究了火成岩发育区粘土矿物组合特征及其控制因素;建立了粘土矿物转化模式;根据粘土矿物成岩演化特点,进行古地温分析。研究表明,苏北地区粘土矿物的分布主要受埋藏成岩作用、岩浆侵入、母质来源三种因素的影响,发育四种类型的粘土矿物组合和三种粘土矿物转化模式;火山碎屑岩母岩区和基性岩浆侵入区具有特殊的粘土矿物组合和成岩演化模式,前者以富含蒙皂石矿物为特点;后者出现高岭石与伊/蒙有序间层矿物共生组合,并具有不连续的演化序列;苏北盆地短有序I/S矿物出现于镜质组反射率 0.5 %～ 0.5 5 %的深度,伊/蒙间层矿物转变成伊利石在镜质组反射率 0.75 %～ 0.8%,可以用于热成熟度和古地温的估算;而蒙皂石消失的界面则不具有指标意义     

The boron isotopic paleo-pH indicator-A theoretical re-evaluation

larger value of 1.033 instead of 1.0194.     

甘肃武都古崩滑堆积体的沉积特征及其形成环境

在甘肃武都县城北第四纪地层剖面中,马兰黄土之下发育有一套以大量碎屑和部分粘土组成的混杂堆积体。其形成时的原始地貌已不复存在,成因也不明。本文在研究其沉积特征和周围地质、地貌环境的基础上,判定其属于崩滑堆积体,是基岩块体 (夹部分粘土 )高速崩塌滑动、碰撞分解堆积而成。堆积层具有上下不同的发生“层序”。作者将典型的崩滑堆积体的沉积“层序”划分为五层:A后期覆盖层或侵蚀面;B崩解-碰撞带层;C崩解-滑移带层;D滑移带层;E下伏地层。各发生层有不同的沉积特征,反映出高速运动块体经过内部碰撞分解后,上下层中存在动力过程和沉积过程的分异。作者研究了武都古崩滑体五个剖面中的粘土含量、粒径、砾石组构、沉积结构和构造的特点,并通过堆积物的沉积特征所反映的运动和动力学特性,结合周围地质、地貌环境,判定该混杂堆积体是在Q1₃ 时期,武都城北部高耸的以变质石灰组成的基岩陡壁在暴雨的“触发”下,发生解体,形成固体碎屑流块体,由北向南高速运动堆积而成。后期由于粘土和水的加入,使崩滑体运动向泥石流体转化。     

中国大陆及邻区中生代—新生代大地构造与环境变迁

在系统研究古地磁、周边板块的运动学特征、板内变形、构造应力场和沉积古地理资料的基础上 ,恢复了中国大陆及邻区中、新生代 6个时期的大地构造演化特征、构造古地理 ,并进而探讨了对环境变迁的影响。 6个时期的划分、构造特征及其古地理环境分别为 :印支期 (2 5 0～ 2 0 8Ma) ,NE -SW向缩短 ,中国大部分大陆完成拼合 ,南方以海为主 ,北方以陆地为主 ;燕山期 (2 0 8～ 135Ma) ,NW -SE向缩短 ,大陆地块逆时针旋转 2 0°～ 30° ,东部形成高地 ,西部为低地 ;四川期 (135～ 5 2Ma) ,NE -SW向缩短 ,以盆岭地形为主 ;华北期 (5 2～ 2 3 3Ma) ,太平洋板块第一次向西俯冲、挤压 ,中国东部形成 3条东西向山脉和 4个汇水盆地 ;喜马拉雅期 (2 3 3～ 0 78Ma) ,印度板块与欧亚大陆碰撞 ,青藏高原隆升 ,其他地块相对沉降 ;新构造期 (0 78Ma以来 ) ,周边各板块保持相对均衡状态 ,逐步构成现代地貌。研究表明 ,大地构造是古地理环境变化的主要控制因素。     

ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HUASHAN PIEDMONT NORMAL FAULT: INSIGHTS FROM FLUVIAL GEOMORPHIC PARAMETERS

The Huashan piedmont fault, forming a part of the southern margin of the Weihe graben, is one of the important normal faults that control the subsidence of the intracontinental rift. Developing on the footwall of the fault, the Huashan block has experienced rapid cooling during the Cenozoic, especially since the early-middle Miocene. Mountain exhumation causes and transports a great amount of sediments to the adjacent hanging wall, setting a typical case of mountain-basin coupling system. Studies on active tectonics, historical and paleo earthquakes and field investigations reveal that the middle section(Huaxian-Huayin)of the fault is much more active than the west(Lantian-Huaxian)and east(Huayin-Lingbao)sections.
We extracted channel profiles of rivers that originate from the main water divide of the northern flank of the Huashan Mountain. Based on the method of slope-area analysis and the integral approach, we identified knickpoints, calculated channel concavity and steepness indices, and constructed paleo river profiles. Of most rivers, the concavities are within a relatively narrow range of 0.3~0.6, with no obvious correlation with tectonics. However, channel steepness and knickpoint distribution vary spatially. In the east section, rivers are under steady-state with smooth, concave-up channels and lower steepness((104±30)m^0.9). In the other two sections, rivers are mainly under transient state with slope-break knickpoints. For the channel segments below knickpoints, steepness indices are much higher in the middle section((230±92)m^0.9)than in the west((152±53)m^0.9). Thus, the variance of fault activity can be reflected by channel steepness pattern. Above the knickpoints, channel steepness indices are much lower(middle(103±23)m^0.9, west(60±14)m^0.9). What's more, we found a statistically significant power-law scaling between knickpoint retreat distance and catchment drainage area. Thus, we attributed these knickpoints to be the results of recent rapid uplift of the Huashan block. The relief of paleo channels(middle(1000±153)m, west(751±170)m)accounts for~60%~80% of the relief of modern rivers(middle(1323±249)m, west(1057±231)m), which means that ~20%~40% of modern channel relief was caused by the episode of the rapid uplift. Assuming a balance between the rates of rock uplift and downstream river incision, a power-law function between uplift rates and channel steepness can be derived. According to the fault throw rates of the middle section 1.5~3mm/a(since late Pleistocene), we constrained slope exponent n~0.5 and channel erodibility K~1.5×10^-4m^0.55/a. Combining the knickpoint age formula, we estimated that the rapid mountain uplift/fault throw began at ~(0.55±0.25)Ma BP. Therefore, the middle of the Huashan piedmont fault is more active than the west and east sections. The fast fault throw of the west and middle sections since the middle Pleistocene has caused rapid mountain uplift and high topographic relief.     

Characteristics of fault rocks and paleo-earthquake source along the Koktokay-Ertai fault zone,Xinjiang,China

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辽南大莲泡沉积物的沉积特征及古环境变化

辽南大莲泡是形成于冰后期的一个现已干涸的小型山间湖泊。对大莲泡沉积物粒度作一般分析，并用对应因子分析法作了计算分析，结果表明：大莲泡沉积物粒度分布主要受入湖的沟谷泥石流、河流和湖泊沉积作用控制。即下层以泥石流沉积为主；中层以湖泊沉积为主；上层以河流作用为主。据此并结合孢粉分析资料（主要以湿生沼生和旱生、盐生草本孢粉带更替为依据），初步恢复了大莲泡沉积环境的演变过程。全新世高海面在辽南地区是存在的，大莲泡与海相通的特殊位置及地层特征和孢粉特点揭示在全新世气候最适宜期海水在涨潮时曾作过短暂的停留，高海面在渤海沿岸出现位置不超过现代海面之上５ｍ。