四川盆地东南缘震旦系-古生界古油藏特征

震旦系古油藏具有两期储层沥青,古生界仅见有一期储层沥青.震旦系储层沥青丰富,其丰度受到构造岩溶不整合面控制,古油藏为岩性-构造古油藏;古生界储层沥青含量较少,分布明显受到岩性控制,古生界古油藏为小型的岩性古油藏.丁山-林滩场构造带震旦系古油藏恢复规模为8.63×108t,裂解生气量为5348.698×108m3;良村志...     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

孢粉指标在我国海岸带古气候、古海面变化中的应用现状

对海岸带沉积记录孢粉指标在古气候、古海平面变化研究中的应用现状进行了简述。孢粉研究工作随着科学技术的发展取得了很大的进步,近年来,许多学者结合高密度采样和精确AMS14C测年等技术来恢复古环境演变过程。我国近海孢粉学研究在渤海、黄海、东海和南海均取得了大量研究成果     

关中平原黄土中第1层古土壤发育时的土壤水分研究

根据关中平原西安地区和宝鸡地区调查和实验分析资料,研究了该区黄土中第1层红褐色古土壤发育时的土壤有效水含量、重力水分布、水循环和水分平衡等问题。结果表明,该层古土壤CaCO_3与元素Sr迁移深度达到了4.2m,位于古土壤黏化层底界之下的风化黄土层发育厚度为2.2m,淋滤裂隙发育深度为3.9m,Fe_2O_3含量较高的红色铁质黏土胶膜迁移到了土壤黏化层底界之下约1m深处的黄土中,迁移到了4.2m深处的CaCO_3结核中方解石结晶良好。这些指标显示,在西安和宝鸡地区该层古土壤发育的最温湿阶段,土壤重力水带分布深度至少达到了4.2m,当时该区4.2m深度范围内土层水分充足,在植被生长季节和每年绝大部分时间里土层平均含水量一般为22%左右,在蒸发与植被吸收、树冠截留以及地表径流损失之后剩余的可利用有效水含量为14%左右,当时土壤水分充足,没有土壤干层发育,能够满足茂盛森林植被发育的需要。西安和宝鸡附近S_1古土壤发育时的最湿润时期土壤重力水带分布深度比现今大2m左右,土壤水是酸性的。在关中平原S_1古土壤发育时,土壤水分的收入量大于支出量,土壤水分为正平衡,土壤水循环正常,每年雨季一般有较多的水分通过土壤入渗补给地下水,这也是当时土层含水量高的原因。关中平原与洛川等地2003丰水年的重力水分布深度与含水量证实了S1古土壤发育时的土壤水研究结果是可靠的。多项指标显示,在S_1古土壤发育的最温湿阶段,夏季风气团能够频繁越过秦岭山脉到达关中平原地区,秦岭南北均为亚热带气候,这表明当时秦岭失去了温带与亚热带气候分界线的作用。S_1古土壤发育过程经历了5万余年的漫长时间,在最温湿阶段之外的其它阶段,发育森林草原等植被是可能的。本项研究确定的土壤古水分水指标对国内外的研究有重要应用价值。     

Tectonic and liquefaction structures in the Loreto basin,Baja California (Mexico) : synsedimentary deformation along a fossil fault plane

Abstract

Complex fault assemblages associated to liquefaction structures have been analyzed in a Pliocene basin located along the Gulf of California. The studied outcrop shows a fossil fault plane formed ill soft flat lying sediments. The liquefaction and fluidification structures have been recognized in voleaniclastic layers deposited ill a lagoonal environment and are potentially related to seismic wave shaking and to successive dewatering along fractures. This strati-graphic record is explained by the progressive development of a seismic fault zone, related to the transtensional regime still active in the Gulf. The present analysis can he considered as an useful case study for the reconnaissance of the different types of structures formed during synsedimentary deformation in hydroplastic conditions.     

Formation of Natural Bitumen and its Implication for Oil/gas Prospect in Dabashan Foreland

Natural bitumen is the evolutionary residue of hydrocarbon of sedimentary organic matter. Several kinds of bitumen with different occurrences, including bitumen in source rock, migration bitumen filled in fault, oil-bed bitumen and paleo-reservoir bitumen, are distributed widely in the Dabashan foreland. These kinds of bitumen represent the process of oil/gas formation, migration and accumulation in the region. Bitumen in source rock filled in fractures and stylolite and experienced deformation simultaneously together with source rock themselves. It indicated that oil/gas generation and expelling from source rock occurred under normal buried thermal conditions during prototype basin evolution stages prior to orogeny. Occurrences of bitumen in source rock indicated that paleo-reservoir formation conditions existed in the Dabashan foreland. Migration bitumen being widespread in the fault revealed that the fault was the main channel for oil/gas migration, which occurred synchronously with Jurassic foreland deformation. Oil-bed bitumen was the kind of pyrolysis bitumen that distributed in solution pores of reservoir rock in the Dabashan foreland depression, the northeastern Sichuan Basin. Geochemistry of oil-bed bitumen indicated that natural gas that accumulated in the Dabashan foreland depression formed from liquid hydrocarbon by pyrolysis process. However, paleo-reservior bitumen in the Dabashan forleland was the kind of degradation bitumen that formed from liquid hydrocarbon within the paleo-reservior by oxidation, alteration and other secondary changes due to paleo-reservior damage during tectonics in the Dabashan foreland. In combination with the tectonic evolution of the Dabashan foreland, it is proposed that the oil/gas generated, migrated and accumulated to form the paleo-reservoir during the Triassic Indosinian tectonic movement. Jurassic collision orogeny, the Yanshan tectonic movement, led to intracontinental orogeny of the Dabashan area accompanied by geofluid expelling and paleo-reservoir damage in the Dabashan foreland. The present work proposed that there is liquid hydrocarbon exploration potential in the Dabashan foreland, while there are prospects for the existence of natural gas in the Dabashan foreland depression.     

甘肃武都古崩滑堆积体的沉积特征及其形成环境

在甘肃武都县城北第四纪地层剖面中,马兰黄土之下发育有一套以大量碎屑和部分粘土组成的混杂堆积体。其形成时的原始地貌已不复存在,成因也不明。本文在研究其沉积特征和周围地质、地貌环境的基础上,判定其属于崩滑堆积体,是基岩块体 (夹部分粘土 )高速崩塌滑动、碰撞分解堆积而成。堆积层具有上下不同的发生“层序”。作者将典型的崩滑堆积体的沉积“层序”划分为五层:A后期覆盖层或侵蚀面;B崩解-碰撞带层;C崩解-滑移带层;D滑移带层;E下伏地层。各发生层有不同的沉积特征,反映出高速运动块体经过内部碰撞分解后,上下层中存在动力过程和沉积过程的分异。作者研究了武都古崩滑体五个剖面中的粘土含量、粒径、砾石组构、沉积结构和构造的特点,并通过堆积物的沉积特征所反映的运动和动力学特性,结合周围地质、地貌环境,判定该混杂堆积体是在Q1₃ 时期,武都城北部高耸的以变质石灰组成的基岩陡壁在暴雨的“触发”下,发生解体,形成固体碎屑流块体,由北向南高速运动堆积而成。后期由于粘土和水的加入,使崩滑体运动向泥石流体转化。     

中国大陆及邻区中生代—新生代大地构造与环境变迁

在系统研究古地磁、周边板块的运动学特征、板内变形、构造应力场和沉积古地理资料的基础上 ,恢复了中国大陆及邻区中、新生代 6个时期的大地构造演化特征、构造古地理 ,并进而探讨了对环境变迁的影响。 6个时期的划分、构造特征及其古地理环境分别为 :印支期 (2 5 0～ 2 0 8Ma) ,NE -SW向缩短 ,中国大部分大陆完成拼合 ,南方以海为主 ,北方以陆地为主 ;燕山期 (2 0 8～ 135Ma) ,NW -SE向缩短 ,大陆地块逆时针旋转 2 0°～ 30° ,东部形成高地 ,西部为低地 ;四川期 (135～ 5 2Ma) ,NE -SW向缩短 ,以盆岭地形为主 ;华北期 (5 2～ 2 3 3Ma) ,太平洋板块第一次向西俯冲、挤压 ,中国东部形成 3条东西向山脉和 4个汇水盆地 ;喜马拉雅期 (2 3 3～ 0 78Ma) ,印度板块与欧亚大陆碰撞 ,青藏高原隆升 ,其他地块相对沉降 ;新构造期 (0 78Ma以来 ) ,周边各板块保持相对均衡状态 ,逐步构成现代地貌。研究表明 ,大地构造是古地理环境变化的主要控制因素。     

辽南大莲泡沉积物的沉积特征及古环境变化

辽南大莲泡是形成于冰后期的一个现已干涸的小型山间湖泊。对大莲泡沉积物粒度作一般分析，并用对应因子分析法作了计算分析，结果表明：大莲泡沉积物粒度分布主要受入湖的沟谷泥石流、河流和湖泊沉积作用控制。即下层以泥石流沉积为主；中层以湖泊沉积为主；上层以河流作用为主。据此并结合孢粉分析资料（主要以湿生沼生和旱生、盐生草本孢粉带更替为依据），初步恢复了大莲泡沉积环境的演变过程。全新世高海面在辽南地区是存在的，大莲泡与海相通的特殊位置及地层特征和孢粉特点揭示在全新世气候最适宜期海水在涨潮时曾作过短暂的停留，高海面在渤海沿岸出现位置不超过现代海面之上５ｍ。     

Characteristics of fault rocks and paleo-earthquake source along the Koktokay-Ertai fault zone,Xinjiang,China

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