密西西比河流域监测、修复管理经验对我国流域生态保护修复的启示

美国流域保护修复的研究与实践开始较早,并在密西西比河的修复与治理上取得了良好成效,对我国流域生态保护修复工作具有一定借鉴意义。介绍了密西西比河的管理模式,并对美国在密西西比河开展的具有代表性的长期生态监测及修复管理工作进行了总结,总结了对我国流域生态保护修复工作的7点启示: ①建立和完善流域生态系统监测与评价指标体系; ②建立流域综合监测网络,进行全流域持续监测; ③建设流域生态信息平台,加强数据共享; ④以流域为单元开展生态状况调查和评估; ⑤建立和完善监测、评估、规划、实施循环体系; ⑥提升对流域生态系统的科学认知; ⑦加强流域协调治理,创新我国流域生态保护修复管理体系。旨在为我国广泛开展流域保护修复工作提供一个覆盖河源头至河口的流域监测与修复管理案例。     

Climate and Vegetation Drivers of Terrestrial Carbon Fluxes:A Global Data Synthesis

The terrestrial carbon(C) cycle plays an important role in global climate change, but the vegetation and environmental drivers of C fluxes are poorly understood. We established a global dataset with 1194 available data across site-years including gross primary productivity(GPP), ecosystem respiration(ER), net ecosystem productivity(NEP), and relevant environmental factors to investigate the variability in GPP, ER and NEP, as well as their covariability with climate and vegetation drivers.The results indicated that both GPP and ER increased exponentially with the increase in mean annual temperature(MAT)for all biomes. Besides MAT, annual precipitation(AP) had a strong correlation with GPP(or ER) for non-wetland biomes.Maximum leaf area index(LAI) was an important factor determining C fluxes for all biomes. The variations in both GPP and ER were also associated with variations in vegetation characteristics. The model including MAT, AP and LAI explained 53%of the annual GPP variations and 48% of the annual ER variations across all biomes. The model based on MAT and LAI explained 91% of the annual GPP variations and 92.9% of the annual ER variations for the wetland sites. The effects of LAI on GPP, ER or NEP highlighted that canopy-level measurement is critical for accurately estimating ecosystem–atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide. The present study suggests a significance of the combined effects of climate and vegetation(e.g.,LAI) drivers on C fluxes and shows that climate and LAI might influence C flux components differently in different climate regions.     

东北林区生态系统服务与健康协同分析

明晰森林生态系统服务与生态系统健康之间的协同关系,是识别生态系统与人类福祉之间内在综合关联的有效途径。本文基于森林物质合成、土壤保持、水源涵养、净化空气、生物多样性维持等五项服务指标和林分结构活力、组织力、恢复力三项综合指标的估算与评价,对吉林省汪清林业局国有天然林生态系统服务与生态系统健康进行评估和进行相关性分析与热点识别。结果表明:随着植被群落的分异,各植被类型在空间上体现出差异化的优势生态服务类型和生态系统健康指标分布规律,而两者的热点分布均呈现"南多北少/东西部多中部少"的空间格局;相关分析显示,协同作用是各样本类型之间的主导关系,大部分生态系统服务与生态系统健康指标的增长并不会导致另一些指标的下降,不考虑木材供给的森林景观多功能性可以实现。研究结果可以为国有天然林停伐后林区社会—生态系统的管理模式优选和空间差异化管理提供决策支持。     

基于空间统计分析方法的生态服务价值评价研究

生态服务价值核算对建立可持续发展的土地利用模式至关重要。文中基于地理国情普查试点成果,进行了生态服务价值评估,并在此基础上利用格网分析、Spline插值、Moran’s I、Getis-Ord Gi*等空间统计分析方法,对浙江省德清县生态服务价值进行分析评价。研究结果表明:德清县生态服务价值整体上呈现出集聚现象;单位面积生态服务价值热点主要集中在对河口水库、下渚湖湿地和东部河网密集区等。这些区域直接影响德清县的整体生态环境水平,需要进行重点生态保护。     

Mediterranean forest species mapping using classification of Hyperion imagery

Regional operational forest species mapping is an active research topic that aims to provide the systematic and updatable information necessary for understanding and monitoring the rapidly changing forest environment. In this study, we investigated the potential of satellite hyperspectral imagery in regional forest species mapping by employing a pixel-based and an object-based nearest neighbour classifier in two different Mediterranean study areas. The overall thematic accuracy of the produced maps was assessed using reference data collected in the field and ranged between 0.72 and 0.83. No approach was found to be superior for the study areas. The McNemar test showed no statistically significant difference at the 95% confidence level in the classification accuracies achieved by the two approaches. Both pixel- and object-based approaches provide useful maps, suggesting that regional forest species mapping from space has much potential.     

基于GIS和遥感技术的生态系统服务价值评估研究

生态系统能否得到科学、高效、健康的管理,关系到整个人类生活环境的长期稳定发展。随着人们对生态系统管理的过程研究和探讨的加深,其中生态系统服务价值评估已经成为了生态系统管理中的重点。本文主要探讨了基于GIS和遥感技术的生态系统服务价值评估研究在生态系统中的应用,通过以甘肃省草地生态系统为分析案例,建立相关评估系统模型,找到基于GIS和遥感技术的生态系统服务价值评估中更好的应用。     

遥感技术在我国生态系统服务功能评估中的应用

经济的快速发展破坏了生态环境和生态系统的服务功能,如何准确评估生态环境和生态系统服务功能质量对于环境保护、经济的可持续发展以及政策制定等具有重要意义。传统评估方法需要消耗巨大人力、物力和财力,难以实时客观的评估,而遥感监测技术在生态环境监测应用中不断发展,为人们对生态环境及其生态系统的监测和评估提供了更加有效的手段。本文首先描述了生态系统服务功能概念的提出及发展,随后介绍了遥感技术的特点,着重阐述了遥感技术在当前我国生态系统服务功能评估中的应用及作用,最后,总结了遥感技术在我国当前服务功能评估中的问题和以后的发展方向。     

Combining conventional and volunteered geographic information to identify and model forest recreational resources

It is now common for researchers in natural resource management and economics to develop spatial models of recreation demand for the purposes of valuation and planning. Such an approach has significant advantages but requires access to relatively detailed spatial data. In the absence of official data concerning resources, researchers may benefit from employing increasingly available volunteered geographic information (VGI) as a central source of data or to complement more traditional data sources. This paper describes the development of a map of forest recreational resources in Ireland by combining conventional forest cover data and VGI of recreational trails. As an extension the new map is combined with household survey data to explore respondent's ability to identify local recreational forests and models the impact of the characteristics of the closest forest on their annual visitation. The results suggest that VGI can be a useful resource to researchers in both the identification and characterisation of recreational resources. In addition, this paper finds that the distance to and characteristics of the nearest recreational forest has a significant impact on total annual visitation by members of the public.     

灌区水资源合理配置研究进展

灌区水资源合理配置是提高灌区水资源利用效率及保障粮食安全的重要途径,也是实现灌区水资源可持续利用的有效调控措施。从灌区水资源管理政策、水资源循环转化规律、水资源优化配置模型与方法和水文生态4个方面,对国内外该领域的研究现状进行了对比分析。研究发现,国内灌区水资源配置主要存在4个方面的问题:水资源合理配置与保护政策落实不到位、水资源的统一管理机制不健全、水资源优化配置模型实用性不强和水资源优化配置基础条件较为薄弱。建议加强灌区水资源的统一管理政策与机制、变化环境下水资源循环转化规律、水资源承载力基础理论与评价新方法、水文生态调控技术、水资源实时风险调度与智能化管理技术以及水资源优化配置耦合技术研究。     

边缘海浮游生态系统对生物泵的调控作用

海洋生物泵及其与碳循环关键生物地球化学研究是当今全球变化研究的前沿课题。边缘海是全球海洋的重要组分,在生态系统的物质循环、能量流动和气候调节中起着十分重要的调控作用,同时也是海洋生态系统和生物地球化学过程相互作用研究的热点和难点区域。针对"边缘海浮游生物群落结构如何调控生物泵效率"这一科学命题,归纳分析了浮游生态系统主要生物组分及其在碳循环和生物泵(颗粒有机碳输出)过程中的作用,总结了当前国内外相关研究进展和存在的问题。目前大多数的研究思路是将整个浮游生态系统看成黑箱模式,关注该生态系统某些方面的动态与生物泵效率的关系。最新研究表明,浮游生态系统对生物泵的调控并不是简单的线性关系,该系统内不同营养级间的碳流与颗粒有机碳输出的相关过程非常复杂。简单地利用浮游生物不同类群(含营养级)生物量和生产力等指标来阐明浮游生态系统结构和生物泵效率的耦合机制非常困难。针对当今存在的问题,提出从整个浮游生态系统入手,在研究生态系统群落组成和生物量(即各类群颗粒有机碳储库)的基础上,更加关注有机碳在不同营养级之间的转换过程及其速率,期望阐明影响生物泵效率的关键生物地球化学过程和机制,同时构建不同浮游生态系统的碳流传递过程和颗粒有机碳的输出模式,从而最终揭示浮游生物群落结构调控生物泵效率的问题。