基于生态绿当量的土地利用结构优化

应用系统思想和生态学原理，探讨了土地利用结构优化的生态标准，并将其作为衡量生态合理与否的指标，在充分考虑挖掘其他具有绿当量用地（主要是耕地与草地）的生态服务价值的基础上，引入森林与耕地、草地之间基于“绿量相当”的面积换算关系，定量测算出该类用地的生态绿当量。建立了区域土地利用结构优化的多尺度控制过程模式及生态优化的数学模型，并构建了区域土地利用结构多目标线性规划模型。以海南省琼海市为例进行了生态优化实例分析。     

钙与生态大系统及其保健医学作用

钙在自然界和生命史中是重要的地球化学元素之一。在自然生态平衡系统中，钙起着物质和能量的重要协调作用。其与生命的起源和演化息息相关；钙元素为生命体的最优生境提供物质代谢的绿色和安全的保障。钙是动物和人类的骨骼、壳质最主要的组成物，也是各种肌体组织和细胞的活性元素。人体健康的生态系统与钙代谢的保健医学作用密切相关。研究表明，缺钙与100多种疾病相关。现今缺钙，被认为是一个全球性的问题，故有钙属“生命元素”之说。     

Sur l'assimilation variationnelle de données par un modèle d'écosystème marin de type NPZ

A variational data assimilation method is applied to a simplified marine ecosystem model of NPZ (Nutrient Phytoplankton Zooplankton) type, which implies five parameters. The method allows us to optimise these parameters by an iterative process of minimisation of a cost function which quantifies the quadratic discrepancy between observations and simulation results. The first part of this note describes how to obtain the adjoint model of the NPZ model allowing us to compute the gradient of the cost function relative to the parameters. Two experiments of artificial data assimilation then show the efficiency of this method, but also its limitations because of non-linearities and sensitivity problems of the model relative to the parameters. To cite this article: Y. Leredde et al., C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005).     

基于涡度相关技术估算植被/大气间净CO2交换量中的不确定性

近年来，涡度相关技术的进步使陆地生态系统CO2通量的长期和连续观测成为可能。目前，涡度相关技术是全球通量观测网络（FLUXNET）测定植被/大气间CO2通量的主要技术手段，但绝大部分CO2通量观测站点都处于非典型的理想条件下，不能完全满足涡度相关技术的基本假设条件，从而导致基于涡度相关技术估算植被/大气间净生态系统CO2交换量的不确定性。系统介绍了涡度相关技术的基本假设，基本理论公式和误差的类型与特征等理论问题，重点阐述了通量测定中仪器本身的物理限制、二维和三维的气流运动、数据处理的方法和夜间通量的低估等不确定性的主要来源，并据此对通量观测研究中需要优先考虑的问题提出一些建议。研究认为数据质量控制与分析以及误差评价是不同通量站点间的结果比较和全球尺度综合分析的过程中需重点考虑的问题。     

陆地生态系统水—碳耦合循环与过程管理研究

陆地生态系统的水循环与碳循环是地球表层系统物质循环与能量交换的核心，也是最基本的耦合的两个生态学过程。区域或全球尺度生态系统的水管理与碳管理是全球变化科学与可持续发展研究的两大主题，是人类维持全球生态系统的物质与能量循环、自然资源循环再生的重要生态学途径。我们在综合评述现代应用生态学研究的发展趋势，陆地生态系统水和碳循环与生态系统管理关系的基础上，提出了陆地生态系统水循环与碳循环过程管理的内容与思路，阐述了生态系统水和碳耦合循环机制与模拟综合研究的新设想。     

Seasonal variation of CO2 flux and its environmental factors in evergreen coniferous plantation

The effects of environmental factors on carbon flux were analyzed, the spatial and temporal variation of carbon flux was studied at the two heights of 23 m and 39 m with the eddy covariance technique, and the carbon budget was evaluated for evergreen coniferous plantation in the red earth hilly area during the year 2003. The results showed that photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and soil temperature are essential factors strongly affecting the net ecosystem exchange (NEE); in the daytime, the response of NEE to PAR shows a rectangular hyperbola trend, and in the nighttime, the significant correlation was observed between soil temperature and soil respiration which was filtered using friction velocity. This ecosystem appeared as a carbon sink along the whole year of 2003, and the carbon flux showed the obvious seasonal fluctuation and diurnal variability. The seasonal peak of NEE occurred in May and June with the daily sum about 0.61-0.67 mg · CO2 · m-2 · s-1. For the severe drought in the mid-summer, the daily sum was 0.40-0.44 mg · CO2 · m-2 · s-1 in July which was only 2/3 of that in the last two months. For the lasted drought of the year, the nadir of NEE happened in the winder with the daily sum about -0.29 to -0.35 mg · CO2 · m-2 · s-1. The sink intensity of the ecosystem was about -0.553 to -0.645 kg · Cm-2 per year in 2003.     

Estimation of soil organic carbon reservoir in China

1 IntroductionResearch on global change has aroused many scientists' attention to the balance, storage and spatial distribution of carbon in the terrestrial ecosystem. The carbon stored in soil is 2.5-3 times as much as that stored in plants[1,2], so the distribution and conversion of carbon in humus has become one of the global research foci on organic carbon at present[3]. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents in soils are not only important components of soils but also the most important eco…     

酸雨对水生态系统中一些生物的影响

本文综述酸雨对水生态系统中各营养级生物的影响。介绍酸雨引起水体酸化和水体的缓冲能力,阐述不同营养级水生生物和所处不同发育阶段对低pH的敏感性差异。还讨论了由于遗传和适应引起生物对低pH的耐受性差异。酸化水体生物群落的重要特征是,生物种类数减少,多样性降低,生物量减少和食物链遭破坏。酸性pH对水生生物的毒作用方式包括气体交换受阻、体盐调节紊乱、酸碱平衡失调,以及与金属的联合作用等.最后还对若干问题作了扼要讨论,并提出建议。     

稻田土壤中的CH4产生

通过对意大利稻田及我国湖南地区稻田土壤中CH_4产生率的实地测量,甲烷产生主要发生在稻田土壤耕作层的还原层(2—20cm),但不同的农业操作对此有较大的影响;在意大利稻田中7—17cm土壤层是重要的甲烷产生区域,13cm处的CH_4产生率最大;由于我国湖南地区独特的有机肥铺施操作,土壤中甲烷的产生在土壤上部即耕作层氧化层以下(3—7cm)就达到最大值。土壤湿润度能影响土壤主要CH_4产生区域的深度,当土壤湿润度低于某个临界值后,主要的CH_4产生区域将向土壤深处移动,CH_4产生量也明显减少。种植水稻的稻田土壤中CH_4产生率要比不种水稻的大,同块稻田中CH_4产生率还有一定的空间变化。另外,水稻植物根部土壤比水稻行间土壤能产生较多的CH_4。在大多数情况下CH_4产生率在下午大于上午,但在一日间没有明显的日变化规律,因此CH_4排放路径的日变化可能是CH_4排放日变化的主要原因。在湖南地区不同施肥和水管理稻田的CH_4产生率差别十分显著。这种差别能完全在CH_4排放率的差异上体现出来。总有机酸含量差别在各不同施肥田中较小而在各不同水处理田中较大实验室培殖发现温度能够较大地影响土壤CH_4产生率,每上升10℃,甲烷产生率能增加3倍多。在整个水稻生长季节中,仅施化肥或不施肥的意大利稻田土壤中CH_4产生率随时     

The short term response to eutrophication abatement

We compare results of a new model for predicting the short term inter annual changes in chlorophyll-a (chl-a) in lakes after reductions in total phosphorus (TP) to predictions made by least squares regression models. In the new method, slopes of chl-a/TP graphs (both axes in mg · m^–3) are depicted in frequency diagrams and used to extract information on the expected, short term chl-a/TP response. The short term response for nine shallow (< 10 m deep) and nutrient rich lakes to changes in TP was found to be: Chl-a = 0.49 · TP + 17.3, and for nine deep, P-limited lakes: Chl-a = 0.08 · TP + 3.5. If the TP-reduction is known to be greater than 10 mg · m^–3, the expected slope increases to 0.58 for shallow lakes and to 0.26 for deep lakes. The slope, 0.58, is 8% lower than the slope for the long term response calculated by regression for the shallow lakes. For deep lakes the slope, 0.26, is 2 to 3 times higher than that calculated by regression, indicating that reductions in TP for deep lakes give greater effects than least squares regression equations suggest. We have also calculated the reduction in TP which will give about 80% probability that a reduction in chl-a will be observed next year. For shallow, P-limited lakes this reduction is about 30 mg · m^–3 (5% of average initial in-lake TP concentration), and for deep lakes about 14 mg · m^–3 (35% of average initial in-lake TP concentration).