湖南凤凰茶田汞矿区土壤-水稻系统中汞的传输及其健康风险

通过野外系统采样和室内分析,研究了湖南凤凰县茶田汞矿区耕层土壤及水稻中Hg的含量分布以及土壤-水稻系统中Hg的传输和分配。结果表明:由于地质成因和人为采选矿活动导致矿区土壤及作物中Hg大量富集,与对照区相比,矿区耕作土壤、稻根、稻秆、稻米中Hg平均含量分别增加了267.6倍、8.6倍、5.8倍和2.3倍。土壤中的有机-硫化态Hg同稻根、稻秆、稻米中Hg含量间均呈现显著正相关性,但整体而言,Hg由土壤→稻根以及稻根→稻米的富集/迁移系数较低,移动性弱。矿区稻米Hg平均含量为0.09±0.04μg/g,与国家粮食卫生标准(GB2762–2005)的限值(0.02μg/g)相比,超标达4.5倍。当地居民终生平均每天摄入的Hg量为0.75μg/(kg.d),超过WHO推荐的可耐受剂量[0.71μg/(kg.d)],面临较大的健康风险。对矿区中多种元素研究发现,稻米中Hg、Pb、Se共同富集,其复合污染机制的研究亟待开展。     

基于遥感与GIS的新疆近18 a来LUCC的生态环境效应分析

 基于遥感与GIS技术,以20世纪80年代末、90年代末、2005年、2008年遥感影像为数据源,获取4期新疆土地利用/覆盖信息,采用生态系统服务价值、生态环境质量指数和土地利用/覆盖转变类型生态贡献率,对研究时段内新疆土地利用/覆盖变化的生态环境效应进行了综合分析与评价。结果表明,1990—2008年间,新疆土地利用/覆盖变化显著,生态系统服务价值整体变化较小,总价值先增后减,水域和草地面积的减少是总价值减少的主要原因,耕地和林地面积的增加补偿了总价值的部分损失;生态环境质量指数从1990年的0.157持续下降到2005年的0.153,2008年上升为0.158,说明新疆生态环境存在恶化和改善两种相反趋势,导致生态环境恶化的主要原因是草地向耕地的转变,未利用地向草地的转变则促进生态环境质量的改善。     

青藏高原草地生态系统碳收支研究进展

陆地生态系统碳收支仍然是当前全球气候变化研究的重要内容,青藏高原作为全球气候变化的敏感区,使青藏高原草地生态系统在区域碳收支平衡中占有主导地位,但研究方法等不同使得碳收支估算结果存在很大的不确定性。气候变暖在一定程度上提高了高寒草地生态系统的植被初级生产力和生物量,由此补偿了气候变暖导致的土壤有机碳分解释量,使青藏高原草地植被仍然发挥着碳汇的功能。而人类放牧活动对草地生态系统的影响较为复杂。因此,如何区分气候变化和人类活动对生态系统的影响机制,定量评价未来气候变化和人类活动影响下,青藏高原生态系统碳源/汇格局的可能变化,是一个非常重要的研究方向,也是一个极大的挑战。     

西宁市土地利用变化对区域生态系统服务价值的影响

分析了2003—2008年西宁市城市化背景下区域土地利用的变化情况,并计算由此导致的生态系统服务价值(ESV)变化。结果表明:研究期内,西宁市耕地、园地、牧草地和未利用地面积减少,耕地面积减少最多,林地、居民点及工矿用地、交通运输用地和水利设施用地面积增加,林地增加最多;研究区生态系统服务价值增加了51.43×106元,年变化率为0.21%,价值系数较高的林地面积大幅增加是造成这一结果的主要原因;在各项生态系统服务功能中,土壤形成与保护对生态系统服务价值的贡献最大;敏感性指数分析表明,生态系统服务价值对所指定的价值系数缺乏弹性,研究结果可信。西宁市生态系统相对安全,但是在增加林地和建设用地的同时,也应该充分考虑价值系数较高的草地保护。     

水土流失地区生态系统健康评价——以五华县为例

生态系统健康是一门研究人类活动、自然生态系统、社会经济组织和人类健康的跨学科综合性学科。由于生态系统健康研究是一个新领域,有关它的概念、评价等方面还存在各种争论,在综合分析国内外生态系统健康和水土流失研究进展的基础上,联系对五华县的实地调查,提出水土流失地区生态系统健康的概念,运用“压力状态-响应”模型对其生态系统健康进行分析评价,表明五华县的生态系统处于不健康的状态,进而提出水土流失地区新的修复方法,以优化水土流失地区的生态系统健康。     

Ecosystem Service Value Assessment for National Key Eco-function Zones for Water and Soil Conservation

National key eco-function zones for water and soil conservation are exceptionally fragile areas in terms of their eco-environments and are also severely affected by water and soil loss. They have been a focus of attention from all sectors of society. This research assesses important ecosystem service functions and their values using such indexes as NPP, soil conservation quantity and water conservation quantity. The result indicates that the ecosystem services of China’s eco-function zones for water and soil conservation are worth 3268.90×10⁸ CNY in total, of which organic matter production accounts for 530.96×10⁸ CNY, nutrient substance circulation and storage 301.91×10⁸ CNY, carbon fixation and oxygen release 1616.16×10⁸ CNY, soil conservation 442.70×10⁸ CNY and water source conservation 816.20×10⁸ CNY. Of the four functional zones, the Guangxi-Guizhou-Yunnan Area registers the highest value of 1551.30×10⁸ CNY, and the Three Gorges Reservoir Area the lowest value of 448.15×10⁸ CNY. In terms of ecosystem service value per unit of area, the Guangxi-Guizhou-Yunnan Area takes the first place, followed by Three Gorges Reservoir Area and the Dabie Mountain Area, which are roughly equivalent, and finally the Loess Plateau Area is at the bottom.     

Evaluation of the Effects of Implementing Degraded Grassland Ecosystem Restoration Technology: A Case Study on Technology for Returning Grazing Land to Grassland

Restoring degraded grassland ecosystems is of great significance for the sustainable development of grassland ecological service functions and the sustainable and healthy development of regional economies and societies. Returning grazing land to grassland technology (RGLGT) is an important strategic technology for restoring degraded grassland ecosystems and achieving the sustainable development of the society and economy of pastoral areas in China. Researching the comprehensive evaluation system of the effects of RGLGT has an important significance for evaluating and adjusting national ecological policy. Based on collecting sample surveys from 221 farmers in 16 villages of 4 towns of Yanchi County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in 2017, a model for evaluating the effects of implementing RGLGT was developed. The model included the characteristics of the technology, the ecological and social benefits of the technology, and the sustainability and economic benefits of the technology, it was used to complete a comprehensive effects evaluation of implementing RGLGT in Yanchi County that was based on use of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The results showed that the comprehensive effect of implementing RGLGT is good overall and had a score of 0.5946. In terms of specific effects ranked from high to low, these were the ecological and social benefits of the technology, the economic benefits, the sustainability and the characteristics themselves. The implementation of RGLGT has resulted in good ecological and social benefits and economic benefits, but sustainability and characteristics of the technology are weak.     

Impacts of Non-farm Employment of Rural Laborers on Agricultural Land Use: Theoretical Analysis and Its Policy Implications

During rapid urbanization and industrialization process, non-farm employment of rural laborers has emerged as a prevalent phenomenon in rural areas of China and become an important driving factor for changes in agricultural land use. This article attempts to theoretically analyze the impacts of non-farm employment of rural laborers on agricultural land use based on economic frameworks. As rational agents, farmers aim to maximize their income and follow equilibrium principles when they decide how to allocate their labor forces (or working time) in two departments (farm and non-farm) and how to use their agricultural land with different quality and location. The income earned by non-farm employment is higher, and there exists a comparative advantage between labors, as a result the quantity and quality of labor input in agricultural land use decreases. With the limitation of labor input during agricultural land use decision-making of farm households, on the one hand, land with higher quality is still utilized by farmers. On the other hand, poor quality land will be less well managed and is more likely to be abandoned. Non-farm employment of rural laborers and the rising of opportunity costs will result in abandonment of poor quality land, and great importance should be attached to this by policy makers.     

基于主客观分析法的城市生态安全格局空间评价

生态安全是城市生态文明建设的主要目标,是城市经济可持续发展的重要基础,评价城市生态安全格局对于城市规划具有极其重要的作用。本文通过选取典型评价指标,运用生态安全格局客观分析法与主观分析法进行对比分析,建立了包括生态系统服务安全格局、生物多样性保护安全格局、生态敏感性安全格局的生态安全格局综合评价体系,并将该评价体系运用到研究区域,对研究区域生态安全格局的变化趋势进行评价和分析。结果表明：①在基本生态控制线内,低水平、较低水平生态安全格局区域的面积有所增加;在基本生态控制线外,中水平生态安全格局区域的面积有所减少;整体上高水平生态安全格局区域面积基本不变。②生态安全格局主观分析法评价结果主要依赖于专家的评定,本文采用的专家评价方法结果与客观分析法评价结果一致。该评价体系已经应用于研究区域的城乡规划和生态保护中,应用结果表明该评价体系能够较完备地进行城市生态安全格局评价,对城市规划和生态保护具有重要的指导作用。     

人类活动影响下的青海湖流域生态系统服务空间格局

人类活动改变生态格局和变化,进而影响生态系统服务。因此,探讨人类活动影响下的生态系统服务空间格局,对于区域生态安全、可持续发展和人类福祉等至关重要。以青海湖流域为研究区,基于InVEST模型计算了流域2018年产水量、水质净化、生境质量、土壤保持和碳储量五种生态系统服务,并分析了不同生态系统服务的空间自相关性、相互关系以及人类活动影响下的空间格局。结果表明：流域生境质量整体较好,土壤流失整体较小。碳储量受植被覆盖的影响存在明显空间差异。农业生态系统和城镇生态系统氮、磷负荷较高。产水量环湖区和山区差异明显;产水量、碳储量和生境质量的Moran's I分别为0.786、0.742和0.705,空间聚集性最强,氮负荷最弱;协同关系主要表现在氮负荷与磷负荷、碳储量与生境质量、产水量与土壤流失之间。权衡关系主要是生境质量与产水量和氮负荷,碳储量与产水量和土壤流失之间;碳储量、生境质量和土壤流失随人类活动的增强呈现递减趋势。氮、磷负荷随人类活动的增强呈现递增趋势。人类活动通过改变不透水表面进而影响产水量。通过高分辨率遥感影像精细化定量描述人类活动以及详细探讨人类活动影响下各生态系统服务空间格局、聚集程度,可为流域科学评价生态系统服务、生态环境保护及可持续发展提供依据。