Modeling N2O Emissions from Agricultural Fields in Southeast China

DNDC, a rainfall-driven and process-oriented model of soil carbon and nitrogen biogeochemistry, is applied to simulate the nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural ecosystem in Southeast China. We simulated the soil N₂O emission during a whole rice-wheat rotation cycle (from Nov. 1, 1996 to Oct. 31, 1997) under three different conditions, which are A) no fertilizer, B) both chemical fertilizer and manure and, C) chemical fertilizer only. The processes of N₂O emission were discussed in detail by comparing the model outputs with the results from field measurement. The comparison shows that the model is good at simulating most of the N₂O emission pulses and trends. Although the simulated N₂O emission fluxes are generally less than the measured ones, the model outputs during the dryland period, especially during the wheat reviving and maturing stages in spring, are much better than those during the paddy field period. Some sensitive experiments were made by simulating the N₂O emissions in spring, when there is a smallest gap between the simulated fluxes and the measured ones. Meanwhile, the effects of some important regulating factors, such as the rainfall, N deposition by rainfall, temperature, tillage, nitrogen fertilizer and manure application on N₂O emission during this period were analyzed. From the analysis, we draw a conclusion that soil moisture and fertilization are the most important regulating factors while the N₂O emission is sensitive to some other factors, such as temperature, manure, tillage and the wet deposition of atmospheric nitrate.     

胶州湾北部水层生态动力学模型与模拟 Ⅰ.胶州湾北部水层生态动力学模型

建立了一个包括浮游植物、浮游动物、无机氮和磷、溶解态与悬浮有机物及溶解氧七状态变量的浅海水体生态动力学箱式模型,并且考虑了海面太阳辐照度变化、海水与底泥温度变化以及营养盐海底溶出和陆源流入的影响。初步分析了在胶州湾北部浮游生态系统演变的几个特征时期动力学方程中的物流动态特征。结果是比较合理的。     

夜光藻赤潮发生视角下平潭岛近岸海域生态安全与旅游经济协同发展评价研究

根据近十年平潭海域生态环境调查资料与旅游经济产业发展数据,结合夜光藻赤潮观测资料,通过构建海洋生态-旅游经济复合系统协同发展评价体系,运用耦合、协同、脱钩评价方法对平潭海洋生态-旅游经济复合系统协同发展水平进行测度评价,从时间层面上分析海洋生态环境安全与旅游经济发展的协同强度和发展态势。研究结果表明：（1） 2009-2019年,平潭旅游经济呈线性上升趋势,而海洋生态系统演化呈较为平缓的波动上升趋势,海洋生态-旅游经济复合系统逐渐向高水平耦合阶段演化;（2）平潭海洋生态-旅游经济复合系统发展在研究期间处于非协同或低协同状态,但发展态势和协同程度有所上升;（3）废水排放入海量、废水中COD排放量、废水中氨氮排放量与平潭旅游经济发展呈较为理想的脱钩状态,废水中的有机污染物排放浓度逐年降低;（4）夜光藻赤潮持续天数与平潭旅游经济增长的脱钩指数波动较大,营养盐水平与夜光藻赤潮发生频次的相关性并不明显。基于以上研究结果,本文提出引入具有协同效应的巨涨落机制等对策建议,以期实现平潭海洋生态-旅游经济复合系统的提质升级。     

湖泊生态修复基准环境的制定:古生态学面临的机遇

全球范围内的湖泊生态环境均出现了不同程度的退化,对其进行生态修复的最终目的,就是要将受损的生态系统尽量恢复到人类干扰前或接近人类干扰前的生态状况,即基准环境.湖泊生态系统是长期演化的产物,其形成及演化机制必须从历史的视角加以考察,因此基于湖泊沉积物的古生态学技术在制定基准环境方面有着独特的优势.本文从基准环境的定义、建立的常用方法、基本特征和典型应用几个方面介绍了古生态学手段在湖泊生态修复中的应用,提出中国今后利用古生态学手段在水环境治理工作的应用前景.     

三江平原沼泽地主养鲤鱼塘能量转换效率研究

对1988～1992年三江平原沼泽地泥炭池主养鲤鱼生态系统的能量转换效率进行了研究分析。结果表明,一个生长期浮游植物毛初级生产力对太阳辐射能的转换效率为0.204～0.308％;鲢鳙净产量对浮游植物净产量的转换效率为1.195～4.815％;太阳能转换为鱼类总净产量的生态学效率为0.067～0.123％。总辅助能、总生物能和饲料辅助能转换为鱼类总净产量的效率分别为8.91～14.05％、10.96～17.20％和11.06～17.57％.在2500kg/hm~2、3500kg/hm~2及5000kg/hm~2三个净产量级型池塘中,以5000kg/hm~2产量级的能量转换效率为最佳型。     

酸雨对水生态系统中一些生物的影响

本文综述酸雨对水生态系统中各营养级生物的影响。介绍酸雨引起水体酸化和水体的缓冲能力,阐述不同营养级水生生物和所处不同发育阶段对低pH的敏感性差异。还讨论了由于遗传和适应引起生物对低pH的耐受性差异。酸化水体生物群落的重要特征是,生物种类数减少,多样性降低,生物量减少和食物链遭破坏。酸性pH对水生生物的毒作用方式包括气体交换受阻、体盐调节紊乱、酸碱平衡失调,以及与金属的联合作用等.最后还对若干问题作了扼要讨论,并提出建议。     

深海化能极端环境中劳盆拟刺铠虾(Munidopsis lauensis)的全长转录组测序分析

劳盆拟刺铠虾(Munidopsis lauensis)是一种十足目铠甲虾, 能够适应深海化能合成生态系统的极端环境, 但是其已知基因序列信息却很少。为此, 采用PacBio平台的SMRT测序技术对来自南海台西南冷泉劳盆拟刺铠虾的肝胰腺、鳃、肌肉和肠混合组织进行了三代全长转录组测序。通过聚类、校正、去冗余之后共获得28 811条高质量isoform, 平均长度为2 086 bp, N50长度为2 275 bp。使用Nr、SwissPort、KEGG、KOG数据库对转录本序列进行功能注释, 共有20 616 (71.56%)条isoform得到注释。进一步高级注释共获得21 848个蛋白编码序列, 共预测到537个转录因子、6 430个长链非编码RNA和10 060个SSRs位点。KEGG通路分析发现两条可能与劳盆拟刺铠虾适应深海化能极端生境相关的通路, 分别为过氧化物酶体通路和谷胱甘肽代谢通路。其中, 共有180条isoform被发现参与编码过氧化物酶体通路中的31个关键酶, 213条isoform参与谷胱甘肽代谢通路中19个关键酶的编码。基于全长转录组数据, 利用同源比对、功能结构域预测及系统发育树构建等方法对劳盆拟刺铠虾谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)基因家族进行挖掘与鉴定, 共发现属于theta、delta、mu、kappa四种亚家族的20条GST候选序列。通过对劳盆拟刺铠虾全长转录组测序、功能注释和环境适应相关的重要基因及通路的分析, 不仅丰富了深海组学数据资源, 也为进一步揭示甲壳动物适应深海化能极端环境的分子机制奠定了基础。     

Intertidal spring dynamics and coastal nutrient loading revealed through geophysics,drone surveys,and in-situ monitoring

Coastal eutrophication poses an increasing risk to ecosystem health due to enhanced nutrient loading to the global coastline. Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) represents a significant pathway for nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N) transport to the coast, but diffusive SGD transport is difficult to monitor directly, given the low flux rates and expansive discharge areas. In contrast, focused SGD from intertidal springs can potentially be sampled and directly gauged, providing unique insight into SGD and associated contaminant transport. Basin Head is a coastal lagoon in Prince Edward Island, Canada that is a federally protected ecosystem. Nitrate-nitrogen is conveyed from agricultural fields in the contributing watershed to the eutrophic lagoon via intertidal groundwater springs and groundwater-dominated tributaries. We used several field methods to characterize groundwater discharge, nutrient loading, and in-channel mixing associated with intertidal springs. The tributaries and intertidal springs were gauged and sampled to estimate a representative summer nitrate load to the lagoon. Our analysis revealed that NO₃-N export to the lagoon through tributaries and springs throughout summer 2023 was on average 401 kg N/month, with the combined spring loading comparable in magnitude to the combined tributary loading. We collected thermal infrared and visual imagery using drone surveys and found spatial overlap between cold-water plumes from the spring discharge and macroalgae blooms, indicating the local thermal and ecosystem impacts of the focused SGD. We also mapped the electrical resistivity (salinity) distribution in the water column around one large spring with electromagnetic geophysics at different tidal stages to reveal the three-dimensional spring plume dynamics. Results showed that the fresher spring water floated above the saline lagoon water with the brackish plume oriented in the direction of the tidal current. Collectively, our multi-pronged field investigations help elucidate the hydrologic, thermal, and nutrient dynamics of intertidal springs and the cascading ecosystem impacts.     

Revealing ecosystem services relationships and their driving factors for five basins of Beijing

A clear understanding of the relationships among multiple ecosystem services(ESs) is the foundation for sustainable urban ecosystem management. Quantitatively identifying the factors that influence ES trade-offs and synergies can contribute to deepening ES research, from knowledge building to decision making. This study simulated soil conservation, water yield and carbon sequestration in Beijing, China, from 2015–2018. The spatial trade-offs and synergies of these three ESs within the five major river basins in Beijing were explored using geographically weighted regression. Furthermore, geographical detector was applied to quantitatively identify the driving mechanism of the environmental factors for the ES trade-offs and synergies. The results show the following:(1) the spatial relationships between soil conservation and water yield, as well as between water yield and carbon sequestration, were mainly trade-offs. There was a spatial synergy between soil conservation and carbon sequestration.(2) Regarding the spatial trade-off/synergy between soil conservation and water yield in Beijing, the dominant influencing factor was temperature/elevation, and the dominant interactions of the spatial trade-off and synergy between these two ESs in Beijing and the Chaobai River Basin are all manifested in the superposition of precipitation and potential evapotranspiration, temperature, and elevation.(3) Topographic factors were the dominant factors influencing the spatial relationship between soil conservation and carbon sequestration in Beijing and its five major river basins. As a result of the distribution of water systems and hydrological characteristics of the basins, differences were observed in the effects of different combinations of interaction factors on the spatial relationship between these two ESs in different basins.(4) Temperature had the strongest explanatory power in terms of the spatial trade-offs and synergies between water yield and carbon sequestration. The interactions between precipitation and temperature and between precipitation and elevation were the dominant interactions affecting the spatial relationship between water yield and carbon sequestration in Beijing. Overall, the explanatory power of influencing factors on the trade-offs and synergies and the degree of interaction between factors coexist in different basins with consistency and differences. Therefore, understanding the quantitative characteristics of basin-scale spatial trade-offs and synergies between ESs is important for ecosystem management and the promotion of synergy in different basins.     

我国常用湖泊营养状态指数研究进展与展望

湖泊(包括自然湖泊和人工水库)富营养化已成为世界性的环境问题,营养状态指数是目前最流行的富营养化水平量化方法。然而,不同营养状态指数的基本逻辑和适用水体等方面存在明显差异,不当选取可能会造成营养水平和相关水华风险的错误估计,并引发湖泊保护和修复措施的错位。鉴于此,本文对我国常用营养状态指数的构建思路、共性和差异以及不确定性来源等进行了综述。总体来看,营养状态指数基本构建思路分3种:1) Carlson指数型(如TSI),以透明度(SD)为核心参数,使用SD的2倍变化对应指数的10分差值,假定SD 为64 m时记为指数值0分;2)改良TSI指数型(如TSIm),以叶绿素a(Chl.a)为核心参数,使用Chl.a的2.5倍变化对应指数的10分差值,假定Chl.a 1000 μg/L对应该指数100分;3)营养足迹指数型(如TFI),该指数亦使用Chl.a指示藻类生物量,Chl.a的e倍关系对应藻类生物量的二倍变化和指数10分差值,假定Chl.a为10 μg/L时对应该指数50分。根据上述假设得出对应的基础参数评估方程,然后均以基础参数(SD或Chl.a)与衍生参数间的经验方程 “直接替换”获得衍生参数的评估方程。如上可知,营养状态指数均体现了数值增大表征藻类初级生产力和伴随的水华风险提高的共性,同时本文也从:1)数据集属性和基础指标评估方程获取的方法;2)衍生指标评估方程获取的统计原理;3)分项指标的权重设置方式3个方面分析营养状态指数之间的差异性。未来展望方面,首先,鉴于当前营养状态指数均属于通用性指数,因而建议未来基于上述3种基本类型开发因地制宜的营养状态指数,实现湖泊藻类生产力和水华风险的精准指示;其次,营养状态指数的生态学依据是藻类限制因子理论,营养状态指数各分项指标(即基于总氮、总磷、SD和Chl.a)的差异可以指示初级生产力的限制因子,建议未来开展营养状态指数分项指标差异机制研究,以指导藻类水华防控措施精准施策;再次,除富营养化外,湖泊生态健康受损往往也与其它压力有关,建议未来开展湖泊生态健康对富营养化和其他压力的综合响应机制研究,制定服务于湖泊生态系统健康提升的精准调控路径。本文目的并非将营养状态指数的通用属性“复杂化”,而是旨在阐明营养状态指数的“前世今生”,进而为广大湖泊富营养化相关人员使用指数时提供参考,也希望为我国湖泊营养状态精准量化、后续保护和修复措施的精准实施提供科学依据。