武汉东湖主要湖区的藻类与营养型评价

对东湖９个湖区藻类的群落结构、生长潜力、初级生产力和营养状况进行了比较研究。结果表明,９个湖区藻类的种类组成无明显差异,绿藻为主,蓝藻和硅藻次之;藻类的生长潜力和初级生产力各湖区差异较大,均以茶港湾重污染区最高和牛巢湖最低。根据各项指标综合分析,９个湖区水质优劣的顺序是：牛巢湖、汤林湖、后湖、郭郑湖、菱角湖、筲箕湖、庙湖、喻家湖和茶港湾重污染区。对东湖的大水面郭郑湖４０年来藻类的有关参数进行比较发     

草原生态系统模式中参数不确定性导致的模拟结果不确定性研究

基于五变量草原生态系统理论模式,应用与参数有关的条件非线性最优扰动(CNOP-P)方法,探讨了由参数不确定性导致的草原生态系统模式模拟结果的不确定性问题。参数的不确定性可能来源于观测和（或）对物理过程描述等的不确定性。选取了五变量草原生态系统模式中具有物理意义的32个模式参数进行数值试验。试验结果表明,对所考察的32个模式参数,在一定的不确定性和给定的优化时刻范围内,单独优化每个参数所得CNOP-Ps的联合模态与同时优化32个参数所得CNOP-P的模态并不相同。比较了上述两类参数误差以及随机参数误差对草原生态系统模拟的差异。随机参数误差与上述优化方法所得参数误差的不确定性范围大小相同。数值结果表明,同时优化32个参数所得 CNOP-P 类型参数误差使得草原生态系统模拟的不确定性程度最大。这种影响表现在使得草原生态系统转变为沙漠生态系统,或者使得草原生态系统转变为具有更多生草量的草原生态系统。上述数值结果不依赖于优化时间和参数不确定性程度的大小。这些数值结果建议我们应当考虑多参数的非线性相互作用来研究草原生态系统模式模拟的不确定性问题,并且揭示出CNOP-P方法是讨论上述问题的一个有用的工具。     

土地利用变化对流域生态需水的影响分析

人类对流域生态系统的干预,导致季节性淹没区减少,天然湿地丧失,生态环境的恶化和生物多样性锐减,土地利用方式发生了剧烈变化。以流域整体性理论、物种多样性理论、物种耐性理论和景观生态学理论为基础,分析了土地利用方式对生态需水的影响。结果表明,河岸天然植被生态系统通过削减洪峰、增补枯水和截留污染物的作用,来影响流域的水量分配和水质改善,使流域受水分不足威胁的程度降低,即在更大的时间与空间尺度上,保证了流域对生态水的需求。因此,为了流域生态系统的可持续发展,应采取保护湿地、河溪森林植被、水陆交错带等合理的土地利用方式。     

过去陆地生态系统碳储量估算研究

准确估算陆地生态系统碳储量并认识其空间分布和时间演变规律是碳循环研究的关键 问题。本文回顾了全球与中国陆地生态系统在碳储量估算研究方面的若干进展, 包括基于各种方 法和资料的主要估算结果及其尚存在的不确定性。重点评述了末次盛冰期和中全新世两个时期 陆地生态系统碳储量的变化及其影响因素, 对8.2kaB.P.以来全球大气CO₂ 浓度呈现升高的现象 及其可能原因进行了讨论。全新世中晚期全球大气CO₂ 浓度逐渐升高与旧大陆地区陆地生态系 统碳储量减少的事实是一致的, 新石器时期特别是农业文明开始以后人类活动对陆地植被的持 续干预可能是造成陆地生态系统碳储量减少的原因之一。     

Percolation losses in paddy fields with a dynamic soil structure: model development and applications

The hydraulic characteristics of the plough pan of paddy fields provide continuous ponding conditions during the growing season and control the water use efficiency in wet rice production. Its saturated hydraulic conductivity K_s, however, exhibits a large spatiotemporal variability as a consequence of a highly dynamic soil structure involving temporary shrinkage cracks. Water flow through the earthen bunds surrounding the fields further contributes to the uncertainty in water flux calculations. The objective of this study was to develop a simple deterministic model with stochastic elements (‘PADDY‐FLUX’) for depiction of deep percolation, and to assess the effect of different water management scenarios on percolation in two channel command areas. Darcy's law is used as the fundamental equation for water flow calculations with the ponding water depth h as a time‐dependent variable. Flux uncertainty is estimated by a Monte‐Carlo‐type implementation. K_s is treated as a random variable of a bimodal probability density function (PDF), which is the weighted sum of two Gaussian PDFs (accounting for a matrix and a preferential flow domain). The weighing factor α is a function of h, reflecting an increasing risk for preferential flow situations after desiccation and the development of shrinkage cracks. Under‐bund percolation is calculated using transfer functions. The results demonstrate that percolation losses increase in the following order: continuous soil saturation < continuous flooding (CF) < mid‐season drainage and intermittent irrigation (MD + II) < mid‐season drainage and continuous flooding. The bunds contribute up to 54 and 17% to total fluxes under CF and MD + II, respectively. Preferential water fluxes are responsible for the major part of water losses as soon as desiccation causes the formation of shrinkage cracks. As a conclusion, continuous soil saturation should be promoted as the least water‐intensive irrigation regime, while intermittent irrigation is recommended only in case that irreversible shrinkage cracks have already developed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

海洋生态系统动力学研究的相关网上资源

分４部分介绍互联网上与海洋生态系统动力学研究有关的信息资源、主要网址及其主要内容：（１）海洋生态系统模拟研究;（２）海洋科学研究组织和国际研究计划;（３）网上新闻讨论组;（４）海洋生态杂志。     

The impact of ecosystem functional type changes on the La Plata Basin climate

In this paper, the effects of land cover changes on the climate of the La Plata Basin in southern South America are investigated using the Weather and Research Forecasting (WRF) Model configured on a 30/10km two-way interactive nested grid. To assess the regional climate changes resulting from land surface changes, the standard land cover types are replaced by time-varying Ecosystem Functional Types (EFTs), which is a newly devised land-cover classification that characterizes the spatial and interannual variability of surface vegetation dynamics. These variations indicate that natural and anthropogenic activities have caused changes in the surface physical parameters of the basin, such as albedo and roughness length, that contributed to regional climate changes. EFTs are obtained from functional attributes of vegetation computed from properties of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to represent patches of the land surface with homogeneous energy and gas exchanges with the atmosphere. Four simulations are conducted, each experimental period ranging from September to November in two contrasting years, 1988 and 1998. The influence of an identical EFT change on the surface heat fluxes, 2-m temperature and humidity, 10-m winds, convective instabilities and large-scale moisture fluxes and precipitation are explored for 1988 (a dry year) and 1998 (a wet year). Results show that the surface and atmospheric climate has a larger response to the same EFT changes in a dry year for 2-m temperature and 10-m wind; the response is larger in a wet year for 2-m water vapor mixing ratio, convective available potential energy, vertically integrated moisture fluxes and surface precipitation. For EFTs with high productivity and a weak seasonal cycle, the nearsurface temperature during the spring of 1988 and 1998 increased by as much as 1℃ in the central and western portions of La Plata Basin. Additionally, for higher productivity EFTs, precipitation differences were generally positive in both dry and wet years, although the patterns are not uniform and exhibit certain patchiness with drier conditions.     

对生态补偿概念及两个研究层面的反思

对生态补偿的基本语义进行解析,提出了一种以损失性境遇与补偿关系域为基本元素的分析模式。强调生态补偿的研究与实践必须物质与价值层面并举,且以前者为指归。生态补偿在自然科学方面的深层机理与准则还有待深入研究,才能指导生态补偿在经济、法律等其他层面的正确认识与实践。指出生态效益价值计量与生态补偿没有实质性的联系;“生态效益补偿”是一个容易引起误解的观念或概念。补偿标准基本的考量在成本、包括机会成本一面,不在效益一面;既实现生产者剩余又实现消费者剩余,是合珲补偿的基本前撂。     

气候变化情景下中国陆地生态系统碳吸收功能风险评价

气候变化会对陆地生态系统的碳吸收产生影响,从而改变其碳的源汇功能.因此,评估未来气候变化下陆地生态系统碳吸收功能面临的风险,可以为中国应对气候变化措施的制定和国际碳排放谈判提供科学依据.本文采用大气-植被相互作用模型对气候变化情景下净生态系统生产力进行模拟,运用线性倾向估计方法确定碳吸收功能风险评估标准,对中国陆地生态...     

东北地区矿业城市产业生态系统适应性评价

在对矿业城市产业生态系统适应性内涵进行界定的基础上,基于易损性、敏感性、稳定性和弹性等适应性要素构建了矿业城市产业生态系统适应性评价指标体系和评价模型,并据此对东北地区矿业城市产业生态系统适应性分异特征、类型及影响因素进行了深入探讨,发现:东北矿业城市产业生态系统适应能力呈正态分布;从资源类型看,东北矿业城市产业生态系统系统适应性呈现冶金类>综合类>煤炭类>石油类的特征;从空间格局看,呈现辽宁省>吉林省>黑龙江省的变化趋势;从发展阶段看,呈现老年期>中年期>幼年期的递变规律;从城市规模看,呈现特大城市>大城市>中等城市的递变规律。据此,采用聚类分析方法,将东北矿业城市产业生态系统分为4种类型,即高适应能力、协调发展类型;高适应能力、环境优先类型;低适应能力、协调发展类型;低适应能力、环境优先类型。