中国对虾家系幼体对氨氮和pH值的耐受性比较

采用人工授精技术建立中国对虾家系,对建立的20个家系幼体通过急性毒性试验进行抗氨氮和pH值性状的比较.结果表明:不同试验时间中国对虾家系对氨氮和pH值的耐受性差异极显著(P<0.01)和显著(P<0.05),24,48和72 h对氨氮耐受性的平均半数致死值分别为62.15,30.31和15.60 mg/L,对pH值耐受性的平均半数致死值分别为9.99,9.41和9.12.以平均LD50值为评价指标,综合24,48和72 h各家系对氨氮和pH的耐受性,最终筛选出对氨氮耐受性最强的家系8个,对pH值耐受性最强的家系10个,对氨氮和pH值耐受性均较强的家系7个,为构建中国对虾抗逆基础群体,开展中国对虾抗逆新品系的选育工作提供了基础.     

Ocean acidification in New Zealand waters: trends and impacts

The threat posed by ocean acidification (OA) to the diversity and productivity of New Zealand marine ecosystems is assessed in a synthesis of published trends and impacts. A 20-year time series in Subantarctic water, and a national coastal monitoring programme, provide insight into pH variability, and context for experimental design, modelling and projections. A review of the potential impact of changes in the carbonate system on the major phyla in New Zealand waters confirms international observations that calcifying organisms, and particularly their early life-history stages, are vulnerable. The synthesis considers ecosystem and socio-economic impacts, and identifies current knowledge gaps and future research directions, including mechanistic studies of OA sensitivity. Advanced ecosystem models of OA, that incorporate the indirect effects of OA and interactions with other climate stressors, are required for robust projection of the future status of New Zealand marine ecosystems.     

Flounder growth and production as indicators of the nursery value of marsh habitats in a Mediterranean lagoon

Estuarine marshes are known as suitable nursery areas for many marine migrant fishes, such as flounder. The potential nursery value of such habitats was investigated in the Venice lagoon, by using growth and production of 0-group flounder as indicators. Size–frequency distribution analysis was performed on fish samples collected fortnightly, from March 2004 to June 2005, in two marsh sites, Dese and Tessera, differing in their origin and environmental conditions. Samples were mostly composed of juvenile individuals, belonging to 0- and 1-group cohorts (the latter being present in Tessera only). A higher total production, either annual or monthly, and faster growth of 0-group flounder was observed in Dese, associated to a higher ecological performance of 0-group individuals in this site, as indicated by the higher P:B ratio values. Dese is a site located in a marsh complex characterized by the relevant influence of a nearby river, and the observed higher potential nursery value of this marsh area with respect to the other is discussed in the light of the higher trophic status and other environmental conditions in this site. The production results were also compared to those from other estuarine environments commonly acknowledged as important nurseries for European flounder.     

以生态产业化模式实现海洋生态产品价值的探索与研究

为探索海洋领域生态产品价值实现机制,实现海洋生态资源集约节约与可持续利用,文章在梳理国内现有的海洋生态产品价值实现发展模式、剖析存在问题的基础上,借鉴国内外案例成功经验,提出了基于生态产业化模式的海洋生态产品价值实现机制。研究认为,海洋生态产业化需具备3个必备条件：①实施区域必须具有独特的可供开发的海洋自然生态资源优势;②产业化过程必须控制在海洋生态系统承载力限度内;③要符合海洋产业发展规律。基于生态产业化模式的海洋生态产品价值实现机制需做好5个方面的工作。①明确1个发展目标：实现海洋生态资源的保值增值;②奠定好2项工作基础：做好资源调查评价和生态承载力评估;③建立3个支撑保障：顶层规划、监管机制和引导机制;④创造4项推动力：通过政策、科技、人才和资本市场产生创新发展的动能;⑤建立5步实现路径：逐步实现新技术、新产品、新企业、新模式,最终形成新业态。在推动海洋生态产业化的进程中,建议将海洋资源保护利用的监管工作贯穿于生态产业化的全过程,严格禁止超出生态承载能力的产业化过程。     

洞庭湖滨湖酸雨特征及气象影响因子

利用20072016年酸雨和同期气象资料及气溶胶数据,对洞庭湖滨湖酸雨特征及气象条件的关系进行分析,结果发现:20072016年年降水pH值为4.03~4.70,且呈显著增加的趋势,酸雨的强度明显减弱。降水的酸性强度显著减弱主要表现在春季和秋季降水。3月、10月酸雨最强,6月、7月最轻。酸雨出现频率为84%,其中弱酸雨、强酸雨、特强酸雨出现频率分别为40%、25%、19%。酸雨频率变化不显著,但弱酸雨频率显著增加而特强酸雨频率显著减少。酸雨的强度不随降水量级的变化而变化。随着降水持续天数的增加,降水的酸性强度明显加强。水样温度升高,降水的酸性强度明显减弱。风速越大,降水的酸性强度越强。风向频率较大的偏北风降水的酸性强度较强,而风向频率较小的偏南风降水的酸性强度较弱。大气气溶胶对降水的酸性强度有明显的增强作用。城市工业布局、大气污染物输送方向均与酸雨观测日主导风向一致,导致降水的酸性强度加强。     

基于MTM-SVD方法的西南地区降水季节内振荡特征分析

利用1981-2010年中国西南地区气象站点逐日降水资料以及NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,使用MTM-SVD方法分析了西南地区降水的季节内振荡特征,结果表明:西南地区降水存在显著的14.4候(70天左右)振荡周期,该季节内振荡在1985年前后最强,在整个研究时段内夏季更明显。典型循环重建表明,西南地区降水的季节内振荡整体上有一个从南向北的推进过程,对OLR的分析表明,南海—西太平洋地区和孟加拉湾地区是影响西南地区降水的两个关键区。在季节内振荡尺度上影响西南地区降水的OLR异常信号首先出现在爪哇岛附近,逐渐向东传播到马鲁古群岛地区,然后北跳传播到北半球的南海—西太平洋地区和孟加拉湾地区,最后两者先后向北推进影响西南地区降水。     

酸雨观测中pH测量负偏差来源

通过现场调查、实验室测试,对酸雨观测中发现的pH测量负偏差现象进行了验证和分析。现场个例调查发现,在正常保存、使用期限内的pH电极也有可能出现老化现象,老化的pH测量电极给出的pH测量结果为负偏差,其数量级与文献指出的在观测资料质量评估中发现的pH测量负偏差相吻合。实验室测试结果显示,老化的pH测量电极的测量负偏差与模拟雨水样品的电导率和pH值有关:电导率越小,pH测量偏差则越大;在电导率差别不大时,该负偏差大小与水样pH值呈现一定的正相关线性关系,且电导率越小时两者的线性斜率越大。经过综合分析,初步确认pH电极的老化是造成历史观测资料中pH测量负偏差的重要原因。根据分析结果,提出了在台站检测pH测量电极老化的替代性技术方法,以更好地保证酸雨观测数据质量。     

2006-2010年南宫酸雨变化特征及影响因素

利用2006-2010年南宫酸雨观测资料和地面资料、结合邢台探空资料及天气形势,采用数理统计方法,分析南宫酸雨变化特征及不同气象条件对酸雨的影响。结果表明：近年来南宫降水平均pH值均小于4.70,酸雨频率大于50%,属于重酸雨区或较重酸雨区。降水酸性在夏秋两季较强,而酸雨出现频率则在秋冬两季较大,降水电导率冬季最大。南宫酸雨多出现在主导风向为偏东风、静风及北-西北风|高空天气系统为切变线时,酸雨及强酸雨频率随降水量级增大而增大|酸雨强度随相对湿度和逆温增加而增强。     

中国夏季高温与北极海冰的联系特征

为研究前期以及同时期北极海冰异常对中国夏季高温的影响,根据近50年来中国160个台站的夏季高温资料以及近50年来的北极海冰资料,用SVD诊断分析方法,提取出两场相关最强,协方差最大的三个时次--分别为同期、海冰超前夏季高温9个月和超前13个月.分析研究表明:当北极海冰发生异常时,中国夏季高温异常的响应是滞后的,尤其是滞后9个月、13个月时;北极海冰在1978-1979年突然异常减少,且1979年以后维持海冰偏少的态势;当前期或同时期的北极海冰出现异常增多(减少)时,在中国夏季高温场上的响应以"南区"、"北区"夏季高温异常偏低(偏高),与海冰变化反位相;"中区"夏季高温异常偏高(偏低),与海冰变化同位相.     

STUDY ON THE QUASI-FOUR YEAR OSCILLATION OF AIR-SEA INTERACTION

Complex Singular Value Decomposition(CSVD)analysis technique was applied to study theQuasi Four year Oscillation(QFO)of air sea interaction and its coupled pattern evolution duringdifferent phases.Results show that:(1)CSVD method can better reveal phase relation betweentwo physical fields:(2)Not only northerly anomalies from Northern Hemisphere but alsosoutherly anomalies from Southern Hemisphere contribute to EI Nino.They converge in westernequatorial Pacific,leading to outburst of strong equatorial westerly anomalies,and result in strongEl Nino event onset:(3)An abnormal subtropical anticyclone circulation appears overnorthwestern Pacific while El Nino developing.It favors transitions from the warm SST(EINino)to the cold SST(La Nina),just as the tropical westerly anomalies produced by abnormalcyclone during a decaying La Nina.which encourage the development of El Nino:(4)Thewesterly anomalies in equatorial Pacific are mainly induced by eastward abnormal subtropicalcyclone pairs,which are located in north and south Pacific respectively,and are not the eastwardwesterly anomalies from equatorial Indian Ocean.