温度、盐度和pH对生物过滤器去除氨氮效率的影响

采用正交设计法对温度，盐度和pH值对生物膜转氨氮能力的影响进行考察，考虑至生物过滤器的一般工作环境，3个因子各取三水平，为了充分考虑交互作用，选用正交表L27（3^13).结果表明，取值范围盐pH值对硝化细菌代谢的影响不明显，温度对硝化细菌的代诱明显的影响，而且25℃组的氨氮支作率最高。     

风暴潮和天文潮条件下的底摩擦的研究

由海底摩擦与平均流速的平方成正比的公式,对底摩擦的性质(主要对拖曳系数C_0)进行讨论。研究在风暴潮和天文潮的条件下,海底摩擦与风速,风向和海深等因素的关系,得到有关奇异区的存在等结论,说明在整个海区内拖曳系数不为常数。     

珠江河口水体的pH和碱度

本文根据1987年2月至1988年2月的调查资料,讨论了珠江河口水体pH、碱度和比碱度的变化规律及它们与盐度的关系。结果表明,从虎门外至桂山岛的珠江口主水道上,pH随盐度增加而增加。pH与盐度的相关性最好,均在99.9％的置信水平上显著;pH与碱度的相关性次之。珠江河口水的碱度是保守的;在从虎门外至桂山岛的珠江口主水道上,比碱度与氯度是密切的负相关。     

Variability of physico-chemical conditions in 9°50′N EPR diffuse flow vent habitats

The physico-chemical characteristics of habitats have been considered to be one of the prime determinants of animal distribution within hydrothermal vent sites. However, the relative importance of abiotic to biotic influences is still debated. The primary aim of this study is twofold. The first is to determine and compare the ranges of physico-chemical conditions that characterize mussel-dominated and tubeworm-dominated communities at different sites within the vent field of the 9°50′N segment on the East Pacific Rise. The second is to better understand the processes that determine the variability of physico-chemical conditions in these habitats. In situ chemical and temperature measurements confirmed the high variability on small spatial and temporal scales within single aggregations of animals. The correlation of temperature and sulfide or pH revealed substantial differences between similar habitat-types at different sites, which cannot be attributed to changes in the extent of fluid dilution in the subseafloor. Further investigation of habitat variability within individual sites highlighted specific chemical features for the four sites studied, emphasizing the importance of an extensive in situ chemical analyses survey before using temperature as a proxy for chemical conditions. At Tica and Biovent, the fluid source characteristics were shown to vary only slightly within the sites, among aggregations discretely distributed over several meters distance. The variability of the total sulfide concentration and chemical speciation with temperature in the various habitats at each of these sites, can be reasonably simulated from the conservative mixing model of a single source fluid with seawater. The small variation of the empirical trends between different types of faunal assemblages at Tica suggests that changes in the fluid chemistry are not a prime determinant of the temporal succession of mussels and tubeworms. The findings of very similar sulfide–temperature relationships in two sites of different age and faunal compositions, Biovent and Tica, further support this idea. The two other sites, Mussel Bed and Riftia Field, differ both in the animal communities present and their chemistries show significant discrepancies from the predictions of the conservative mixing model. At Riftia Field, elevated iron concentrations and relatively low sulfide levels were correlated to unusually low pH, which could not be fully explained by conservative mixing of a typical diffuse vent fluid with seawater. The increased acidity results in a dramatic reduction in the anionic form, HS⁻. This is the form preferentially assimilated by the tubeworms and could explain the decline of the tubeworms at this site. At Mussel Bed the relationship between the sulfide concentration and temperature varied substantially among the aggregations surveyed and may reflect the influence of associated free-living microbial communities on the chemistry of mussel habitats. This study emphasizes the complex interplay of diffuse fluid formation in subsurface, chemical reactivity in the mixing zone, and biological activity in controlling of characteristics of vent habitats.     

Projections of Future Trends in Biogeochemical Conditions in the Northwest Atlantic Using CMIP5 Earth System Models

We use the results from eight of the Earth System Models (ESMs) made available for the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to analyze the projected changes in biogeochemical conditions over the next 50 years in the northwest Atlantic. We looked at the projected changes using the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 scenario in the 100–400?m depth range over a large region and at more specific locations to assess the relevance of using these outputs to force a regional climate downscaling model of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The projected trends for dissolved oxygen (decrease), pH (decrease), and nitrate (variable although negative in general) represent a continuation of the recently observed trends in the area. For primary production, no firm conclusions can be drawn because of large differences in the trends from one model to another. The consistency of the trends near the regional model lateral boundaries leads us to conclude that the ESM trends can be used to set up future boundary conditions to evaluate regional impacts of climate change although the uncertainty of the results for the Scotian Shelf will be greater than for the Gulf of St. Lawrence.     

不同水化学条件下循环侵水砂岩劣化规律研究

岩石力学性质的损伤对于工程结构的稳定造成严重影响,尤其是废弃露天矿坑作为尾矿库使用,蓄水与排水导致库岸边坡岩体长期受到复杂水化学环境与循环侵水的耦合作用。为模拟复杂水化学环境与循环侵水的耦合作用对岩石损伤影响,设计了砂岩在酸、中、碱性三种环境下的循环侵水试验,并通过常规三轴压缩试验分析岩石力学参数的弱化规律。研究结果表明：（1）砂岩峰值强度随围压增大呈递增趋势,随循环侵水次数增加呈降低趋势,且峰值强度按pH值排序为7>10>4;（2）砂岩孔隙率随循环次数增加呈增长趋势,其变化率呈降低趋势,且孔隙率按pH值排序为4>10>7,pH=4和pH=10环境中孔隙率明显大于pH=7环境中的孔隙率,表明pH=4和pH=10环境中砂岩同时发生水解反应与化学反应两种劣化,使得孔隙率增大;（3）砂岩粘聚力c和内摩擦角φ呈劣化递增趋势,0次到5次循环阶段,c和φ的劣化程度最大,5次到20次循环阶段,c和φ劣化的趋势逐渐减缓,且c值和φ值按pH排序为7>10>4;（4）对砂岩粘聚力c和内摩擦角φ拟合方程微分后得到微分方程,归一化处理后定义其系数为砂岩劣化系数,得到c和φ的劣化系数按pH排序均为4>10>7,并分别建立c和φ与pH值、循环次数的双变量拟合函数表达式。     

沉积物粘土混浊水电导率与pH值相关性研究——以渤海湾西岸平原XZ、MD钻孔为例

对渤海湾西岸平原XZ、MD钻孔样品的粘土混浊水电导率(以下简称EC)和pH测定值进行相关分析,结果显示EC与pH都呈高度负相关,两孔的相关系数分别为-0.830(P＜0.01)和-0.765(P＜0.01).整体上EC与pH呈反比特征.进一步根据EC测定值将两钻孔沉积物分为海相、海陆过渡相和陆相分带,并对各分带中的EC和pH作相关性分析,结果表明除XZ孔海相沉积带(Ⅰ带)相关性偏低(r=0.089,P＞ 0.05)外,其他各沉积带均显示较明显的负相关.但负相关性也有所不同,XZ孔海陆过渡相沉积带(Ⅱ带,r=-0.740,P＜0.01)负相关性最为明显;MD孔海陆过渡相沉积带(Ⅰ带,r=-0.434,P＜0.01)、XZ孔陆相沉积带(Ⅲ带,r=-0.403,P＜0.05)和MD孔陆相沉积带(Ⅱ带,r=-0.482,P＜0.05)也有较明显的负相关性.这表明沉积物EC与pH相关程度的差异,亦可在一定程度上反映出其沉积环境的不同.     

Lithium isotopes in foraminifera shells as a novel proxy for the ocean dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC)

Past ocean pH and pCO₂ are critical parameters for establishing relationships between Earth's climate and the carbon cycle. Previous pCO₂ estimates are associated with large uncertainties and are debated. In this study, laboratory cultures of the foraminiferan genus Amphistegina were performed in order to examine the possible factors that control the Li isotope composition (δ⁷Li) of their shells. δ⁷Li is insensitive to temperature and pH variations but correlates positively with the Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) of seawater. Li/Ca ratio in the shells shows negative correlation with δ⁷Li, consistent with published data for planktonic foraminifera from core tops and from short periods during the Cenozoic. We propose that the sensitivity of δ⁷Li and Li/Ca ratio to DIC is a biological phenomenon and is related to biomineralization mechanisms in foraminifera. We used the published foraminiferal δ⁷Li records, and our experimental results, to determine the paleo-ocean DIC and pH for the last glacial–interglacial cycle. The results are consistent with published estimates of pH and pCO₂ based on boron isotopes and ice cores. We suggest Li and its isotopes may serve as a new complementary proxy for the paleo-ocean carbonate chemistry.