Negligible effect of hypolimnetic oxygenation on the trophic state of Lake Jyväsjärvi,Finland

Hypolimnetic oxygenation by pumping oxygen-rich surface water to the hypolimnion (HLO) is a commonly used tool for the restoration of nutrient-loaded dimictic lakes. However, in recent years its effectiveness has been questioned. In this case study we evaluated monitoring data covering a period of 23-years to show that, although experimental cessation of HLO drastically changed the lake's temperature and dissolved oxygen regimes, it did not significantly affect its trophic status. Thus, we recommend that the limited financial resources available are better directed towards further lowering the lake's external phosphorus load than continuing HLO.     

古氧相——一个新的沉积学研究领域

简要介绍了富氧相、贫氧相、厌氧相、外富氧相和这氧相的主要特征、成因及目前古氧相分析的主要途径，包括古生态学、遗迹学、有机相和沉积地球化学分析。根据国内外研究资料，结合笔者科研成果，综述了古氧相在今地球科学研究领域，如层序地层、岩相古地理编图、重要地质事件研究及地史恢复中的应用及其前景。     

A pulsed oxygenation in shallow seawater recorded by the Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation,North China Platform

Oxygen is crucial for the origin and early evolution of eukaryotes. However,the oxygen levels in the atmosphere and shallow ocean of Mesoproterozoic have been poorly constrained,with varying viewpoints including persistent low(equals to <0.1%~1% of the present atmosphere level,PAL),relatively high(>4%~8% of PAL),and dynamic variation. In order to further constrain the redox conditions in shallow waters where eukaryotes inhabited,the Ce anomaly of the peritidal carbonates from lower Member 4 of the Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation in North China was investigated. The results show that the significant negative Ce anomalies(Ce/Ce^*=0.82±0.11,n=10)occurs in the carbonate of the lower Member 4 of the Wumishan Formation with the thickness of about 150 m. The carbonate formation with the significant negative Ce anomaly is interlayered between the carbonates with inconspicuous positive Ce anomalies,which may represent a pulsed oxygenation in shallow seawater with a duration of ~5 Ma(~1480-1475 Ma). It reflects that the redox conditions of Mesoproterozoic shallow seawater fluctuated greatly rather than stable at low or relatively high level of oxygen. The results are helpful to determine the evolution of redox state of the Mesoproterozoic shallow sea,and it provides important information for studying the influence of redox state of seawater on the evolution of early eukaryotes.     

华北地台中元古界雾迷山组浅海脉冲式增氧

氧气对真核生物的起源和早期演化至关重要,但是有关元古宙中期大气和浅海氧气浓度的限定却分歧很大,目前存在持续低氧(<0.1%~1%现代大气水平,PAL)、相对高氧(>4%PAL)和动态波动等多种观点。为了进一步揭示真核生物集中分布的浅海水体的氧化还原条件,文中选择华北中元古界雾迷山组四段下部环潮坪碳酸盐岩为研究对象,通过稀土Ce异常重建当时正常浪基面之上海水的氧化还原状态。结果表明,雾迷山组四段下部1段厚约150m的碳酸盐岩地层(~1480-1475Ma)具有明显的Ce负异常(Ce/Ce^*=0.82±0.11,n=10),而下伏和上覆地层均为具弱Ce正异常的碳酸盐岩,可能代表了1次持续时间约5Ma的浅海脉冲式增氧过程。该层段的脉冲式增氧可能表明元古宙中期浅海氧气浓度存在频繁波动,并非处于稳定的低氧或相对高氧平台状态。该研究成果有助于进一步确定元古宙中期浅海氧化还原状态和演变特征,并为探讨海水氧化还原状态对早期真核生物演化的影响提供重要信息。     

Nitrogen cycling across the sediment-water interface in an eutrophic,artificially oxygenated lake

Processes controlling the nitrogen (N) exchange between water and sediment in eutrophic Lake Sempach were studied using three different independent methods: benthic flux chambers, interstitial water data and hypolimnetic mass balances. The sediments released NH ₄ ⁺ (1.1–16.1 mmoles m^–2 d^–1), NO ₂ ^- (0.1–0.4 mmoles m^–2 d^–1) and dissolved organic N (<0.25 mmoles m^–2 d^–1). A net NO ₃ ^- consumption (2.4–11.1 mmoles m^–2 d^–1) related to the NO ₃ ^- concentrations in the overlying water was observed in all benthic chamber experiments. The flux of the reactive species NO ₃ ^- and NH ₄ ⁺ was found to depend on hydrodynamic conditions in the water overlying the sediment. For this reason, benthic chambers overestimated the fluxes of inorganic N compared to the other methods. Thus, in short-term flux chamber experiments the sediment may either become a sink or a source for inorganic N depending on the O₂ concentration in the water overlying the sediment and the stirring rate. As demonstrated with a¹⁵NO ₃ ^- experiment, nitrate-ammonification accounted for less than 12% of the total NO ₃ ^- consumption. After six years of artificial oxygenation in Lake Sempach, a decrease in hypolimnetic total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) was observed in the last two years. The occurrence of dense mats of H₂S-oxidizingBeggiatoa sp. indicated micro-aerobic conditions at the sediment surface. Under these conditions, a shorter distance between the ecological niches of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria, and therefore a faster NO ₃ ^- -transport, can possibly explain the lowering of TIN by enhanced net denitrification.