土工格栅加筋膨胀土渠坡数值模拟研究

对土工格栅加筋膨胀土渠坡这种较新的膨胀土处理措施进行研究,在考虑土工格栅与填土之间的相互作用、膨胀土吸水膨胀、软化特性等膨胀土渠坡关键影响因素的基础上,提出了土工格栅加筋膨胀土渠坡数值计算的新思路,并采用有限差分软件Flac3D进行了验证。数值算例结果表明,土工格栅对膨胀土渠坡有明显的水平位移约束作用,是有效的处理措施,可以在实际工程中采用。     

塔里木河下游漫溢区土壤种子库及幼苗库特征

结合土壤种子库萌发实验和幼苗库野外调查,研究塔里木河下游漫溢区土壤种子库和幼苗库特征及两者之间的差异,同时对不同微地形条件下两者多个生态指标进行分析比较。结果显示:（1）土壤种子库和幼苗库共发现有11科21属22种植物。土壤种子库有效种子密度为681±166个\5m-2,而幼苗库的密度为74±30株·m-2。土壤种子库和幼苗库均以多年生草本植物为主。（2）土壤种子库的Margalef指数值显著大于幼苗库,Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener指数的值则略大于幼苗库。土壤种子库和幼苗库之间的物种相似度为0.553。（3）在不同微地形条件下,土壤种子库和幼苗库的密度和多样性指数变化趋势有所不同,但总体上均表现为土壤种子库大于幼苗库。     

塔里木河流域绿洲边缘土壤蒸发与积盐的初步分析

本文通过对塔里木河流域土壤分的分析测定,视频研究了盐分积累的特点及其与蒸发的关系;盐分含量高,累积速度快、表聚性强。     

西南喀斯特石漠化过程中土壤有机质组分及其影响因素

通过采集我国西南喀斯特地区不同石漠化阶段典型土壤样品,研究了土壤有机质组分及其影响因素.结果表明:(1)喀斯特地区土壤有机质各组分含量中胡敏素>富里酸>胡敏酸,HA/FA一般<0.4,为富里酸土壤,与同水平地带土壤一致.(2)石漠化过程对喀斯特地区土壤中有机质组成有明显的影响,土壤中胡敏素、富里酸与胡敏酸表现出未石漠化＞潜在石漠化＞轻度石漠化＞中度石漠化的趋势.(3)喀斯特地区土壤有机质组分空间分布有较大差异,剖面层次上各有机质组分胡敏素、富里酸与胡敏酸均表现出表土层>底土层,山区不同部位上表现以山坡中下部有机质含量最高,而以山顶最低,且FA/HA表现出从山顶到山脚有明显增加的趋势.(4)喀斯特地区土壤土壤有机碳、酸碱度、碳酸钙、容重、非晶形氧化铝、颗粒组成、有效磷与土壤有机碳组分间表现出显著或极显著的相关性,土壤有机碳和质地是影响土壤有机碳组分含量的主要因素.     

无灌溉人工固沙区土壤有机碳及氮含量变异的初步结论

对降水量小于200mm的沙坡头无灌溉条件下人工植被固沙区土壤有机碳和全氮含量变异进行研究。结果表明, 流沙在固定过程中, 人工植被固沙体系的营建改善了成土环境, 促进了生物地球化学循环, 使土壤碳、氮的含量和分布规律发生了变化: ①固沙区土壤有机碳和全氮含量及C/N均高于流沙区, 随土层深度增加土壤有机碳和全氮含量呈逐渐降低趋势, 而C/N呈逐渐升高趋势; ②不同年限固沙区间土壤有机碳、全氮含量及C/N变异小于土层垂直方向的变异; ③不同年限固沙区土层垂直方向土壤有机碳和全氮含量及C/N变异较大, 变异主要存在于结皮层及其下土层(0~5cm); ④流沙区土壤碳、氮含量及C/N低于固沙区, 而且在土层垂直方向上基本无变异。     

额济纳三角洲土壤盐分特征分析

根据42个土壤剖面, 225个土壤样品, 58个水样的分析结果, 讨论了额济纳三角洲地区土壤的基本特征, 并研究了土壤盐分分布规律以及与地形地貌部位、地下水水化学的关系。结果表明: 额济纳三角洲地区的土壤具有质地粗、含盐量高, 盐分表聚性强的特征; 在所有剖面上盐分的分布呈现漏斗型分布, 土壤中盐分随地形变化较为复杂, 但与地下水化学类型一致。     

四川盆地紫色土温度状况的确定

以气象资料为基础，为土壤系统分类的需要，估计了四川盆地紫色土的温度状况，采用逐步回归方法，从与土温相关的１０项气象因素中，筛选出６项主要影响因素。根据本区土层浅薄的特点，建立了不同深度土层的土温计算方程。计算结果表明，按土壤系统分类的土温状况诊断标准，本区拥有热性土壤温度状况。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Books reviewed in this article: Boundary Control and Legal Priniciples . Curtis M. Brown , Walter G. Robillard and Donald A. Wilson . Lost Initiatives: Canada's Forest Industries, Forest Policy, and Forest Conservation . R. Peter Gillis and Thomas R. Roach . The Navajo Atlas: Resources, People, and History of the Dine Bikeyah . James M. Goodman . The City and the Sign . M. Gottdiener AND Alexandros Ph . Lagopoulos , EDS. The Comfortable House: North American Suburban Architecture 1890–1930 . Alan Gowans . Arabic-Islamic Cities. Building and Planning Principles . Besim Salim Hakim . Contemporary Climatology . Ann Henderson -Sellers and Peter J. Robinson . A Trace of Desert Waters . Samuel G. Houghton . Geography, Resources and Environment. Vol. 1: Selected Writings of Gilbert F. White. Vol. 2: Themes from the Work of Gilbert F. White . Robert W. Kates AND Ian Burton , ED. Spatial Dimensions of Unemployment and Underemployment (A Case Study of Rural Punjab) . Gopal Krishan . Maps of the Holy Land: Cartobibliography of Printed Maps, 1475–1900 . Compiled by Eran Laor , assisted by Shoshana Klein . The Geography of Third World Cities . Stella Lowder . A Perspective on U.S. Farm Problems and Agricultural Policy . Lance Mc Kinzie , Timothy G. Baker AND Wallace E. Tyner . Soil Erosion and Its Control. R.P.C . Morgan , ED Geopolitics . Patrick O'Sullivan . Landscape, Meanings and Values . Edmund C. Penning -Rowsell AND David Lowenthal , EDS.     

A method to obtain soil-moisture estimates over bare agricultural fields in arid areas by using multi-angle RADARSAT-2 data

Soil moisture is an important parameter for agriculture, meteorological, and hydrological studies. This paper focuses on soil-moisture estimation methodology based on the multi-angle high-and low-incidence-angle mode RADARSAT-2 data obtained over bare agricultural fields in an arid area. Backscattering of the high-and low-incidence angles is simulated by using AIEM(advanced integral equation model), with the surface-roughness estimation model built based on the simulated data. Combining the surface-roughness estimation model with the backscattering model of the low-incidence-angle mode, a soil-moisture estimation method is put forward. First, the natural logarithm(ln) of soil moisture was obtained and then the soil moisture calculated. Soil moisture of the study area in Dunhuang, Gansu Province, was obtained based on this method; a good agreement was observed between the estimated and measured soil moisture. The coefficient of determination was 0.85, and the estimation precision reached 4.02% in root mean square error(RMSE). The results illustrate the high potential of the approach developed and RADARSAT-2 data to monitor soil moisture.     

Modeling spatial and temporal change of soil erosion based on multi-temporal remotely sensed data

In order to monitor the pattern, distribution, and trend of land use/cover change (LUCC) and its impacts on soil erosion, it is highly appropriate to adopt Remote Sensing (RS) data and Geographic Information System (GIS) to analyze, assess, simulate, and predict the spatial and temporal evolution dynamics. In this paper, multi-temporal Landsat TM/ETM+ remotely sensed data are used to generate land cover maps by image classification, and the Cellular Automata Markov (CA_Markov) model is employed to simulate the evolution and trend of landscape pattern change. Furthermore, the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) is used to evaluate the situation of soil erosion in the case study mining area. The trend of soil erosion is analyzed according to total/average amount of soil erosion, and the rainfall (R), cover management (C), and support practice (P) factors in RUSLE relevant to soil erosion are determined. The change trends of soil erosion and the relationship between land cover types and soil erosion amount are analyzed. The results demonstrate that the CA_Markov model is suitable to simulate and predict LUCC trends with good efficiency and accuracy, and RUSLE can calculate the total soil erosion effectively. In the study area, there was minimal erosion grade and this is expected to continue to decline in the next few years, according to our prediction results.