五台山区地形雨减少与能见度减小的可能联系

为了揭示气溶胶对地形雨的影响,以五台山站为研究站,其南部山下的原平、阳泉为对比站,采用相关性分析研究五台山站与对比站年降水量、降水日数的比值与能见度的关系。结果表明,五台山区能见度显著降低,年降水量及降水日数显著减少;研究站与对比站的年降水量比值、年降水日数的比值均显著减小,并且与能见度显著正相关(p0.05)。究其可能原因,能见度的降低反映出气溶胶浓度的增加,气溶胶浓度的增加抑制了山区地形雨的形成。山区地形雨的减少导致山区水资源的减少;在缺少山顶站的情况下无法捕捉地形雨减少对面平均降水量计算的影响,导致低估面平均降雨量的减少量,低估山区水资源的减少量。     

地形对天山夏季降水影响的模拟

地形对局地云和降水的形成、发展过程起着重要作用。由于天山山脉对偏西、偏北气流的阻挡抬升作用,天山西部（喇叭口地形）和北坡中天山（东西走向）一带成为新疆云和降水最集中的地区。以新疆天山山区2013年8月24-26日一次典型强降水过程为例,利用WRFv3.5.1中尺度模式,通过改变初始场中的天山地形高度进行敏感试验,进而揭示天山地形对夏季山区及邻近区域降水的基本影响机制。控制试验较好地模拟出此次降水的空间分布、中心位置及起止时间、降水极大值高度等特征,与观测结果非常吻合。控制试验与敏感试验对比结果表明,天山地形对降水带分布影响不大,但对强降水中心的范围和量级影响显著。降水量与地形高度和抬升凝结高度的相对大小表现出较好的相关性,地形的阻挡抬升作用导致盛行气流产生较强的垂直上升运动,当达到甚至超过抬升凝结高度时,不稳定能量才得以充分释放,进而引起水凝物含量大大增加。地形对主要冰相水凝物雪晶和冰晶的高度分布影响不大,但对二者的中心值和维持时间影响显著。     

Impacts of the thermal effects of sub-grid orography on the heavy rainfall events along the Yangtze River Valley in 1991

A P - σ regional climate model using a parameterization scheme to account for the thermal effects of the sub-grid scale orography was used to simulate the three heavy rainfall events that occurred within the Yangtze River Valley during the mei-yu period of 1991. The simulation results showed that by considering the sub-grid scale topography scheme, one can significantly improve the performance of the model for simulating the rainfall distribution and intensity during these three heavy rainfall events, most especially the second and third. It was also discovered that the rainfall was mainly due to convective precipitation. The comparison between experiments, either with and without the sub-grid scale topography scheme, showed that the model using the scheme reproduced the convergence intensity and distribution at the 850 hPa level and the ascending motion and moisture convergence center located at 500 hPa over the Yangtze River valley. However, some deviations still exist in the simulation of the atmospheric moisture content, the convergence distribution and the moisture transportation route, which mainly result in lower simulated precipitation levels. Further analysis of the simulation results demonstrated that the sub-grid topography scheme modified the distribution of the surface energy budget components, especially at the south and southwest edges of the Tibetan Plateau, leading to the development and eastward propagation of the negative geopotential height difference and positive temperature-lapse rate difference at 700 hPa, which possibly led to an improved precipitation simulation over eastern China.     

Influence of orographic precipitation on the topographic and erosional evolution of mountain ranges

The influence of climate on mountain denudation has been the topic of an intense debate for two decades. This debate partly arises from the covariation of rainfall and topography during the growth of mountain ranges, both of which influence denudation. However, the denudational response of this co-evolution is poorly understood. Here, we use a landscape evolution model where the rainfall evolves according to a prescribed rainfall–elevation relationship. This relationship is a bell curve defined by a rainfall base level, a rainfall maximum and a width around the rainfall peak elevation. This is a first-order model that fits a large range of orographic rainfall data at the ca. 1-km spatial scale. We carried out simulations of an uplifting block with an alluvial apron, starting from an initially horizontal surface, and testing different rainfall–elevation relationships. We find that the denudation history is different from that with constant rainfall models. The results essentially depend on the ratio between the final steady-state summit elevation H_ss and the prescribed rainfall peak elevation H_p. This ratio is hard to predict because it depends on the transient coupling of rainfall and elevation. We identified three types of results according to H_ss/H_p. If H_ss/H_p > 4 (Type I), the denudation rates peak when the summits reach values close to H_p. If H_ss/H_p > 1.5 and < 4 (Type II), the denudation is strongly accelerated when the elevation of the summits approaches H_p, and then the denudation increases slowly towards the uplift rate. If H_ss/H_p < 1.5 (Type III), the denudation evolution is similar to situations with constant and homogeneous rainfall. In the Type I and II experiments, the mountain top is subjected to aridification once the summits have passed through H_p. To adapt to this reduced rainfall, the slopes increase. This can lead to a paradoxical situation where the mountain relief increases faster, whereas the denudation increases more slowly. The development of orographic precipitation may thus favour the stability of the mean denudation rate in a rising mountain. Despite the model limitations, including a constant rainfall–elevation relationship, our study suggests that the “classical” exponential increase in the denudation rate predicted by constant rainfall models is not the common case. Instead, the common case involves pulses and acceleration of the denudation even in the absence of uplift or global climate variations.     

A Study on a Snowband Associated with a Coastal Front and Cold-Air Damming Event of 3-4 February 1998 along the Eastern Coast of the Korean Peninsula

A 24-h simulation with the Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) nonhydrostatic model is performed for the heavy snowfall event of 3–4 February 1998 along the eastern coast of Korean Peninsula; the results are used to understand the snowfall process, including why the precipitation maxima formed along the Yeongdong coastal region rather than over the mountain slope and ridge top during. The numerical simulation with a 4-km horizontal grid spacing and 43 levels reproduces very well the narrow snowband located off the eastern Korean coast, away from, instead of over, the Yeongdong coastal mountain range. The general evolution of the snowband agrees quite well with radar observations, while the water-equivalent precipitation amount agrees reasonably well with radar precipitation estimate. The simulation results clearly show that the snow band developed due to the lifting by a coastal front that developed because of the damming of cold air against the eastern slope of the coastal mountain range. The damming was enhanced by the advection of cold air by a low-level mountain-parallel jet from the north, formed due to geostrophic adjustment as the on-shore upslope air was decelerated by the mountain blocking. As the onshore flow weakened later due to synoptic-scale flow pattern change, the cold front propagated off shore and the precipitation dissipated.     

下垫面对郑州城市强降水的影响:城市化及地形影响的数值模拟研究

利用WRF-ARW中尺度区域数值模式耦合单层城市冠层模式(slab-UCM),采用ERA-interim 0.5°×0.5°再分析资料作为初始场和边界条件,对2016年6月5日郑州地区发生的一次强对流天气进行模拟,并通过改变下垫面的土地利用类型与地形高度数据设置敏感性试验,探究了城市化及郑州西北部山脉地形对对流性强降水过程的影响。结果表明:1)此次强降水过程主要受高层的低槽系统影响,前期的对流不稳定层结为对流触发提供了有利的热力条件;2)城市热岛效应能够改变下垫面的热力状况,有利于在城市地区激发更强的上升运动,使降水向城区集中;3)郑州西北侧山脉激发的重力波能够使郑州地区对流增强;4)山脉能够阻挡低层干空气向郑州地区输送,因此山脉高度的削减造成郑州地区低层相对湿度减小,使雨滴蒸发冷却增强,进而导致与降水相联系的冷池的增强,雨带移速加快,进一步导致累积降水的减少。     

气溶胶对秦岭山脉地形云降水的影响

以华山站为影响站,其周围华阴、渭南、西安为对比站,通过对影响站与对比站降水之比--地形强化因子(Ro)的变化趋势以及Ro与能见度变化关系的分析,研究了气溶胶对秦岭地形云降水的影响.结果表明:有观测以来Ro逐年递减,1980年后Ro递减更快,减幅达20%;Ro的减小趋势与能见度递减、气溶胶递增相吻合,说明气溶胶的增加抑制了地形云降水;华山1980年后的年平均雨量比1980年前减少了15%,达132mm,而平原地区的减少量不超过3%(16mm).分析气溶胶抑制地形云降水的物理过程发现,Ro的递减主要是减少了中小雨(日雨量小于30mm)的天数,而对大于30mm的降水影响较小,说明气溶胶对浅薄的生命期较短的地形云降水的抑制作用更明显;在以动力强迫抬升为主的春秋季,气溶胶对地形云降水的抑制作用明显强于平原地区,1980--2004年间降水减少了20%～30%;在热力作用下,气溶胶对地形云降水的抑制作用与平原地区相当.     

ANALYSES OF THE DYNAMIC EFFECTS ON WINTER CIRCULATION OF THE TWO MAIN MOUNTAINS IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE--Ⅱ.VERTICAL PROPAGATION OF PLANETARY WAVES

A linear,hemispheric and stationary spectral model with multilayers in the vertical was employed to simulate the vertical propagation of waves triggered by mountains.Results show that,in cooperation with the East Asia zonal mean flow,Tibetan Plateau can excite a strong wavenumber 1 perturbation in the stratosphere with its ridge and trough located over the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans respectively.On the other hand,the stratospheric wavenumber 1 perturbation caused by the mechanical forcing of the Rocky Mountains in cooperation with the North America zonal mean flow is very weak.Calculations from observational data of the vertical profile of critical wavenumber for vertically propagating waves imply that the tropospheric wavenumber 1 perturbation can hardly penetrate the North America tropopause upwards,whereas it can freely propagate through the East Asia tropopause into the stratosphere.Two-dimensional E-Pcross-sections obtained from both observational data and simulated results also demonstrate that waves excited by the Rocky Mountains are refracted towards low latitudes in the troposphere during their upward propagation:whereas,in addition to the above mentioned equatorward leaning branch,the wavenumber 1 and 2 planetary waves excited by the Tibetan Plateau possess another branch which is refracted to high latitudes during upward propagation and penetrates the tropopause into the stratosphere.It is therefore concluded that the difference in the horizontal and vertical wave propagations in the two hemispheres is a result of the different dynamical forcing induced by the two main mountains in the Northern Hemisphere.     

地形强迫的流场非地转性与广西旱涝的空间分布

本文分析了地面平均流场，从地转偏差的角度讨论了广西多雨区与少雨区空间分布的动力学原因，着重指出“弧形山”结构在形成广西气候特点上的特殊作用。     

Temporal and spatial variation of annual rainfall on the island of Crete,Greece

Annual rainfall records from the island of Crete in Greece were used with the aid of a geographical information system (GIS) to study the temporal and spatial rainfall characteristics. The GIS was used to produce a digital elevation model, delineate watersheds and estimate the areal rainfall from a network of raingauges by using different interpolation schemes. The rainfall–elevation correlation was significant, suggesting an orographic type of precipitation for the island. The rainfall records for the majority of the stations were found to fit the normal distribution. Deviation from normal for the rest of the records was attributed to the wettest year of 1977–1978. The year 1989–1990 was the driest, and most rainfall records showed a decrease in rainfall over 30 years with higher negative rainfall gradients at the higher elevations. Frequency analysis of the rainfall records was used to estimate areal rainfall for the island of Crete and its main watersheds for return periods of 2, 5 and 10 years. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.