Distribution of organic carbon in bed sediments of Manoa Stream,Oahu, Hawaii

Organic carbon (OC) associated with fluvial bed sediment plays an important role in biotic and abiotic processes operating within drainage basins. Increasingly, there is a need to characterize storage and spatial distributions of OC in aquatic sediments, particularly under-sampled areas like tropical streams. The objectives of this study were to examine in detail the variation of OC concentration with bed sediment grain size, to characterize the influence of grain size variation on relative OC mass storage, and to compare weighted OC values to those in other aquatic sediments worldwide. The study area selected was a third-order dendritic drainage basin developed in a basaltic complex. Bed sediments along a 6 km section of Manoa Stream were systematically sampled every 50 m for a total of 113 sample site locations. Sediments were partitioned into six size fractions (< 2·0 mm) and OC was determined by dry combustion. Data indicate that the OC concentration increases with decreasing grain size, with the greatest values in the < 0·063 mm (silt + clay) fraction, approximately 4·6 times greater than the very coarse sand fraction (1·00–2·00 mm). Robust smoothing techniques illustrated a general decrease in OC concentration downstream for the size fractions < 0·25 mm. Bed sediments were dominated by size fractions coarser than 0·5 mm (80 per cent of the total distribution) and only about 2 per cent in the fractions less than 0·13 mm. Combining information on OC concentration per size fraction and the mass contribution of each fraction to the whole sample, it was observed that fractions coarser than 0·5 mm had eight to 12 times the storage of OC per kilogram of bed sediments than the fractions finer than 0·13 mm. Weighted OC values for Manoa Stream were on average 6·7 g-OC kg−1, and these were similar to those reported in the literature for a variety of sediments in aquatic environments, both freshwater and marine. These data provide important information on the relative mass storage of OC in bed sediments and their longitudinal patterns in a tropical fluvial environment. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Organic pollutants associated with macromolecular soil organic matter: Mode of binding

A study of ether-linked moieties in macromolecular bound residues of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) generated in bioremediation experiments was performed using high temperature hydrolysis degradation with subsequent analysis of the products by GC-MS. This hydrolysis reaction was specifically designed to cleave ether bonds including relatively stable diarylether structures. Among the reaction products, aromatic alcohols representing typical microbiologically derived metabolites of PAH were found in addition to natural compounds. Thus, parts of the bound residues appeared to be linked within the macromolecular material by ether bonds. Model experiments with an oxidoreductase enzyme and aromatic alcohols indicate the formation of these ether bonds to be an enzyme-catalysed process.     

有机质对海底沉积物中粘土矿物X射线衍射分析结果的影响

X射线衍射法广泛应用于分析粘土矿物的含量和结晶特征,由于粘土矿物易与有机质结合形成有机-粘土复合体,是否去除有机质对分析结果有很大影响,实验结果表明影响最大的是伊-蒙混层矿物(含蒙脱石)和伊利石的含量,为得到可靠实验数据,必须重视对样品的前处理工作,对不同批次样品应该保持一致的处理程序。     

塔里木盆地中高氮天然气的成因及其与天然气聚集的关系

塔里木盆地塔北和塔中地区的海相腐泥型天然气,N2含量较高,尤其是湿气,N2含量分布在10.1％～36.2％,而干气的N2含量则低于10％,即湿气的N2含量高于干气的N2含量。同是下古生界寒武－奥陶系来源的海相腐泥型天然气,为什么湿气和干气的氮气含量相差如此之大?根据与氮气相伴生的烃类气体、非烃气体及稀有气体的组份及同位素特征,认为塔里木盆地的中高氮天然气属于有机成因,来源于下古生界海相烃源岩。文章还提出塔北和塔中地区湿气和干气N2含量差异与源岩的演化程度和圈闭的捕获条件有关。     

兰州不同时期黄土有机质碳同位素与气候的关系

基于兰州九州台黄土剖面的土壤有机质δ13C分析,讨论了兰州地区末次间冰期和全新世2个时期气候以及地表植被的变化特征.结果表明,该地区末次间冰期δ13C变化范围为-29.97‰～-25.52‰,平均值为-27.79‰;全新世δ13C变化范围在-20.82～-34.40‰之间,平均值为-28.99‰.从δ13C平均值来看,该地区在以上两个时期地表植被主要为C3植物.末次间冰期九州台剖面δ13C表现出3峰夹2谷的特征与同一时期深海SPECMAP曲线有着良好的对应,表明了该时期兰州地区的气候变化与全球是一致的,全新世土壤有机质δ13C所反映出的3个不同的变化阶段对应于早、中、晚全新世阶段.结合黄土高原其他剖面相应时期的土壤有机质δ13C的研究结果,我们观察到陕西关中地区的黄土剖面末次间冰期和全新世土壤有机质δ13C要大于黄土高原西部的兰州等地区,气候差异引起的地表植被中C3、C4植物比例不同是造成两地区土壤有机质δ13C差异的主要因素.研究结果表明,黄土高原土壤有机质δ13C是揭示该地区气候变化的一个良好代用指标.     

荒漠土壤微生物碳垂直分布规律对有机碳库的表征作用

以古尔班通古特沙漠南缘原始盐漠为研究对象,测定不同深度的土壤有机碳和土壤微生物碳含量,以分析它们之间的响应关系。结果表明:(1)在土壤垂直剖面上,土壤微生物碳（SMC）含量与有机碳（SOC）含量呈现极显著正线性相关（R2=0.63,p=0.0003）。（2）SMC出现了2个明显的改变界面（20 cm,80 cm）,0~20、20~80、80~500 cm值分别为:2.24~3.06、0.19~0.72、0.0017~0.0097 mg·kg-1;0~20 cm和20~80 cm的SMC差异极显著（p<0.0001）,20~80 cm和80~500 cm的SMC差异显著（p<0.05）。（3）对应于SMC的土壤层划分,SOC在0~20 cm、20~80 cm和80~500 cm同样具有一定的分层性。（4）我们把具有不同微生物活性的有机碳层分别定义为活性、惰性、稳定性有机碳库,土壤垂直剖面上微生物碳的分布很好地表征了土壤中活性、惰性、稳定性有机碳库的分布;通过对这3种碳库所在土层进行合理划分,可以定量分析土壤中3种有机碳库的储量。     

油气有机质与MVT铅锌矿床的成矿——以四川赤普铅锌矿为例

四川赤普MVT铅锌矿床成矿与古老油气藏关系密切。通过对矿床不同成矿阶段硫化物硫同位素和热液碳酸盐碳、氧同位素系统研究,结合沥青有机质的有机地球化学特征,探讨油气参与金属成矿的详细过程。取得主要认识如下：(1)油气系统中先存的H2S是成矿早阶段主要的硫源, TSR作用启动后还原硫酸盐,为成矿提供另一硫源。Mg2+可能是控制成矿过程中TSR作用的一个因素;(2)热液碳酸盐矿物碳(氧)同位素组成指示了 TSR 作用氧化的有机碳与流体溶解围岩碳酸盐岩中碳的不均匀混合作用;(3)矿床中与成矿作用有关的有机质(沥青)具有高-过成熟度特征和低芳烃含量,或是其参与了 TSR 作用的一个标志;(4)川滇黔地区油气成藏-破坏和赤普铅锌成矿可能是盆山演化过程中不同阶段或是同一阶段不同时代的产物,铅锌矿床形成与古老油气藏破坏密切相关。     

Water isotopic and hydrochemical evolution of a lake chain in the northern Great Plains and its paleoclimatic implications

Oxygen isotopes and geochemistry from lake sediments are commonly used as proxies of past hydrologic and climatic conditions, but the importance of present-day hydrologic processes in controlling these proxies are sometimes not well established and understood. Here we use present-day hydrochemical data from 13 lakes in a hydrologically connected lake chain in the northern Great Plains (NGP) to investigate isotopic and solute evolution along a hydrologic gradient. The ¹⁸O and ²H of water from the chain of lakes, when plotted in ²H - ¹⁸O space, form a line with a slope of 5.9, indicating that these waters fall on an evaporation trend. However, 10 of the 13 lakes are isotopically similar (¹⁸O = –6 ± 1 VSMOW) and show no correlation with salinity (which ranges from 1 to 65). The lack of correlation implies that the isotopic composition of various source waters rather than in-lake evaporation is the main control of the ¹⁸O of the lakes. Groundwater, an important input in the water budget of this chain of lakes, has a lower ¹⁸O value (–16.7 in 1998) than that of mean annual precipitation (–11) owing to selective recharge from snow melt. For the lakes in this chain with salinity < 15, the water Mg/Ca ratios are strongly correlated with salinity, whereas Sr/Ca is not. The poor correlation between Sr/Ca and salinity results from uptake of Sr by endogenic aragonite. These new results indicate that ¹⁸O records may not be interpreted simply in term of climate in the NGP, and that local hydrology needs to be adequately investigated before a meaningful interpretation of sedimentary records can be reached.     

山东半岛蓝色经济区土壤有机碳储量及固碳潜力分析

土壤碳储量研究在碳循环和全球变化中具有重要意义,但以往碳储量计算结果受到数据来源的制约。山东省多目标区域地球化学调查采用双层网格化采样和分析,获取了大密度、高精度土壤有机碳数据,为土壤碳库的准确计算奠定了基础。笔者利用这些数据计算了山东半岛蓝色经济区表层（0～20 cm）、中上层（0～100 cm）及全层（0～160 cm）的土壤有机碳（SOC）密度和储量,并对其空间分布特征及固碳潜力进行了研究。结果显示,经济区内3种土壤层次的碳库组成不同,表层SOC储量占总碳（TC）储量的71.67%,随深度增加所占比例逐渐减小,而无机碳(SIC)储量所占比例逐渐增加,全层二者所占比率较为接近:表层SOC储量为132.64 Mt,碳密度为2.06 kg/m²;中上层为458.27 Mt,碳密度为7.11 kg/m²;全层为619.96 Mt,碳密度为9.61 kg/m²。各层SOC密度处于全国偏低水平,且在不同土壤类型、地貌类型、土地利用类型之间有一定差异:褐土土表层SOC密度最高（2.48 kg/m²）,风沙土最低（0.91 kg/m²）;灌溉水田表层SOC密度最高（3.45 kg/m²）,菜地最低（1.61 kg/m²）。表层SOC密度分布总体上呈现为沿海地区低、鲁北平原和胶莱盆地中等、山地丘陵和中低山区偏高的分布格局。从第二次土壤普查和本次多目标调查数据所建立的回归方程分析发现,在今后一定时期内,本区表层土壤总体表现为“碳汇”效应,未来可净增总有机碳（TOC）量60.94 Mt,其中“碳源”量5.07 Mt,“碳汇”量65.97 Mt。     

Paratacamite from Gypsum Veins in Sandstones of the Kuqa Basin,Xinjiang, China: Implications for a New Epigenetic Cu Enrichment Mechanism

The Kuqa Basin filled with Paleogene evaporite series is located in the northeast of the Tarim Basin, Xinjiang, China. It is famous for sandstone‐hosted Cu deposits formed by synsedimentary processes. However, our recent studies reveal that there has been another Cu mineralization mechanism in this basin. Field investigations show that there is a close relationship among faults, salt domes, and brine. Cu deposits are mainly located in two east–west‐trending anticlinal belts in the basin, adjacent to salt domes in the belts. Cu minerals in gypsum veins of the Jidike and Kangcun formations have been investigated by SEM, EDS, and X‐ray diffraction methods. The occurrence of paratacamite in gypsum veins has been reported to coexist with glauberite and halite in the joint planes of sandstones. In addition, it occurs accompanying residual crystal salt encrustation in limestone fractures, or in sandstones in dendritic form. These features indicate that the surface‐Cu enrichment in the Kuqa Basin might have originated from Cu‐bearing brine in the underlying evaporite units, which migrated upward along fractures. In addition, the presence of H₂S in the east–west fault belt in the Kuqa Basin, and the discovery of surface sulfur, calcium carbonate, and covellite, suggest thermochemical sulfate reduction near salt domes in the deeper parts of the rock units. This process resulted in the generation of reduced brine and provided a favorable environment for Cu enrichment. Therefore, the surface‐Cu mineralization near salt domes is interpreted to be the result of Cu‐bearing brine migrating upward to the surface along faults (or joints) following the intrusion of deep salt domes. The geological evidence indicates the presence of reducing brine and Cu‐bearing brine near the salt dome in the deeper rocks of the Kuqa Basin, thus making the intrusive contact zone of the salt dome a favorable site for the epigenetic enrichment of Cu. Our study demonstrates that Cu enrichment in the Kuqa Basin resulted not only from synsedimentary deposition but also through epigenetic enrichment associated with salt dome intrusion and brine‐rich fluids.