用搜索法对1976—1987年陕西区域弱震定位

利用地震图上量得的S——P时间差,导出计算机定位直接搜索法中的准则函数,对1976～1987年的地震进行重新定位,共得到184次弱震的震源位置及各次地震的虚波速度值。同时对其中的108次地震进行了误差分析。此外还对铜川爆破和1978年2月11日石泉4.2级地震作了考察分析。     

Importance of environment on the order of mineral weathering in olivine basalts,Hawaii

Examination of weathering rinds from lava flows on Hawaii with backscatter electron microscopy and electron micro-probe analysis reveals that olivine weathers more slowly than adjacent clinopyroxene and plagioclase in environments with a paucity of organic acids. Yet when weathering rinds are in contact with abundant organic acids secreted by lichens, olivine weathers before clinopyroxene and plagioclase weathers last. The exception to Goldich's widely accepted mineral stability series in organic-poor environments runs counter to a thermodynamics explanation for the order of mineral weathering and illustrates the importance of the biogeochemical environment.     

Advanced Micro-XRF Method to Separate Sedimentary Rhythms and Event Layers in Sediments: Its Application to Lacustrine Sediment from Lake Suigetsu,Japan

Event-related sedimentary layers, which are deposited occasionally due to volcanic eruptions, earthquakes or heavy rains, are often contained in the rhythmical sequences of lacustrine and marine sediments. We have developed an analytical method for separating the sedimentary rhythms and the event layers identified using the scanning X-ray analytical microscope (SXAM) and obtained sequential profiles of seven elements Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, and Fe in the lacustrine sediment from Lake Suigetsu, Japan. Two types of event layers could be detected from the elemental composition of 33 layers of sediment: three known volcanic ash layers and 30 clay layers containing 12 turbidites. The recurrence interval of the latter, which may potentially be initiated and archived by locally important earthquakes, is estimated to be an average of 640 ± 160 years by using Sompi event analysis (SEA) based on an autoregressive (AR) model. After removing those portions that represented event layers from the elemental profiles, we obtained event-removed (ER) temporal profiles based on the tephrochronology of the three volcanic ash layers. The ER temporal profiles of manganese and iron, probably representing the siderite content, showed a millennial-scale variation in the Holocene that corresponded well with ice-rafting events in the North Atlantic.     

鱼儿山V6脉坑钻联合探矿技术研究

湖南省沅陵县沃溪矿区危矿项目ZK9103、ZK7304孔揭露到鱼儿山V1脉底部V6蚀变层位,为缓解鱼儿山资源开采危机,运用地表立钻和坑内立钻相结合的探矿手段先控制V6脉主要工业矿体推测资源量、赋存平面位置与标高,再结合现有坑探工程现状,布置坑内反斜井+底板穿脉大巷+顺层底板斜井进行深部开拓与沿脉坑探工程探明和扩大可开发资源储量,达到了很好的探矿效果,延长了鱼儿山矿山服务年限。并建议在十六棚公、红岩溪、粟家溪等矿段的相应勘探线扩展探矿,进一步扩大底部V6盲脉的资源找矿前景。     

利用扫描电镜和能谱技术研究四川会理铂钯矿床中的铂族矿物特征及铂族元素赋存状态

四川会理铂钯矿床是独立的铂族元素矿床,局部地段的铂钯含量已达工业品位,当前迫切需要详细掌握铂族矿物和铂族元素赋存状态。由于原矿铂族元素品位总体较低,采用化学分析方法分析测试只能间接研究铂族元素的赋存状态,所得结论并不全面。本文结合化学分析方法的测试结果,利用扫描电镜及能谱获得了会理铂钯矿床铂族矿物的精细特征。结果表明:该矿床中铂族元素主要是铂和钯;铑、铱、钌、锇含量很低,且未发现这四种元素的独立矿物。铂和钯有单质和与砷、碲、锑、铋形成的化合物;独立铂族矿物有17种,主要是自然铂、砷铂矿、砷钯铂矿或砷铂钯矿、钯铂铜矿或铂钯铜矿,其次可见少量承铂矿及其他铂族矿物。铂族矿物嵌布状态有两种——被包裹和粒间,被包裹占52.39%,粒间占47.62%。绝大多数铂族矿物呈他形粒状,只有少量砷铂矿晶形较好。铂族矿物粒径范围为1.36~32.7μm,大小差异大。有的铂族矿物表面具微孔结构,有的呈葡萄状,有的可见环边现象。接触方式以曲线接触为主,直线接触次之。这些信息为该矿床矿石选冶和铂族资源评价提供了科学依据。     

扫描电镜能谱与冷冻传输装置联用测试矿物中流体包裹体固液相成分的方法研究

研究流体包裹体中子矿物种类、化学成分及分布特征,对于确定热液成分和成矿物理化学条件、流体的演化规律和成矿机制等有非常重要的意义。但目前常用的各种测试研究方法存在测试目的物寻找困难、不透明子矿物难鉴定等局限性。本文采用冷冻传输装置首先将流体包裹体冷冻固定并打开,然后用扫描电镜、能谱仪测试矿物中流体包裹体中的子矿物和液相成分,该方法可解决扫描电镜下流体包裹体研究目标物不易寻找,打开流体包裹体后子矿物易散失和碎屑易混入的问题,可有效测试小颗粒(1~2μm)、不透明子矿物及不透明矿物中的流体包裹体固液相成分。用该方法实测山东邹平王家庄铜矿流体包裹体液相中Na+、K+、Cl-组分的质量分数分别为5.85%、3.60%、16.18%,计算的盐度为35.35%,并确定了其中不透明矿物子矿物为黄铜矿,证明了黄铜矿是从高盐度热液中晶出的结论。本方法为矿物中流体包裹体研究提供了一种新的测试手段。     

应用氩离子抛光-扫描电镜方法研究四川九老洞组页岩微观孔隙特征

微观孔隙结构是页岩储层研究的重点,而扫描电镜方法无法识别机械抛光中由于页岩硬度差异所造成的不规则形貌。本文利用氩离子抛光-扫描电镜方法对四川威远区块九老洞组页岩进行研究,发现了三种孔隙类型:1无机孔以粒间孔和黏土矿物层间孔为主,同时发育晶间孔和生物孔,孔径主体100~500 nm;2有机孔受控于热成熟度或有机黏土复合体,孔径范围数十纳米至数微米;3微裂缝包括成岩收缩裂缝、高压碎裂缝、构造裂缝和人为裂缝,缝宽数微米,缝长数微米至数十微米。研究表明无机孔和微裂缝是九老洞组页岩气的主要储集空间。     

A SEM-based method to determine the mineralogical composition and the particle size distribution of suspended sediment

A robust method for characterizing the mineralogy of suspended sediment in continental rivers is introduced. It encompasses 3 steps: the filtration of a few milliliters of water, measurements of X-ray energy dispersive spectra using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and robust machine learning tools of classification. The method is applied to suspended particles collected from various Amazonian rivers. A total of more than 204,000 particles were analyzed by SEM-EDXS (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy), i.e. about 15,700 particles per sampling station, which lead to the identification of 15 distinct groups of mineralogical phases. The size distribution of particles collected on the filters was derived from the SEM micrographs taken in the backscattered electron imaging mode and analyzed with ImageJ freeware. The determination of the main mineralogical groups composing the bulk sediment associated with physical parameters such as particle size distribution or aspect ratio allows a precise characterization of the load of the terrigenous particles in rivers or lakes. In the case of the Amazonian rivers investigated, the results show that the identified mineralogies are consistent with previous studies as well as between the different samples collected. The method enabled the evolution of grain size distribution from fine to coarse material to be described in the water column. Implications about hydrodynamic sorting of mineral particles in the water column are also briefly discussed. The proposed method appears well suited for intensive routine monitoring of suspended sediment in river systems.     

骨架优化下的地面激光树木点云重建方法

本文针对地基式激光雷达扫描点云的分布特征,提出一种基于骨架优化的三维树木重建方法。首先从原始点云中提取出树木的“类主干点”,利用无向图数据结构存储和组织点云,然后基于“主干点”约束下的最小生成树算法生成单株树木的初始骨架,最后通过“密度调整”和“树枝平滑”优化操作,建立高逼真度的三维树木模型。本文提出的树木几何重建算法对点云数据缺失和点云的密度不敏感,对试验区不同的树种建模具有较高的鲁棒性。另外,本文通过对不同密度的点云和不同抽稀层次下的点云进行效率测试,发现结合类主干点表达和点云抽稀能共同确保本文算法可以重建大场景TLS植被点云数据。     

基于激光测距的航空扫描影像中建筑物的自动提取

介绍了利用“机载激光影像制图系统”获得的激光测距,飞机姿态和位置数据解算出的地面三维信息同光谱辐射信息高度融合,用于快速自动地提取城市建筑物边界及高度的方法,探讨了地物的分裂／ 合并算法、建筑物与树木的分离、边界提取中初始种子点的选择和灰度参考值及阈值的自适应调整,针对影像中建筑物的扭曲采用了二维／ 三维变换和曲线模板,针对边缘模糊、不连续和强噪声等采用了统计判决和取样模板等等。并利用呼和浩特市区数据进行了验证。