广州市大气颗粒物PM2.5显微形貌特征和来源解析

PM_2.5是近年来影响我国城市大气环境的首要污染物,其成因机制复杂。本文采用扫描电镜和ICP-MS研究了广州市大气颗粒物PM_2.5的显微形貌及其化学组成特征,并应用富集因子法进行源解析。结果表明,PM_2.5的颗粒形态以无定形态为主;主要物质表现为含Fe、Mg、Al、K、Na的硅酸盐组合,具有道路扬尘、建筑施工排放等一次粒子特征;单个无定形颗粒物能谱表现出硫酸盐+硝酸盐的组合特征,为汽车尾气所排放的前体污染气体NO_x和SO₂进入大气环境中,在特定的物理化学条件下通过成核作用发生相态改变所形成的二次粒子。PM_2.5中高度富集Cd、Se、Zn、Cu、Pb、As等重金属,异常富集的Br主要为当地普遍使用的阻燃剂十溴联苯醚和拆解电子垃圾所致,稀土元素的浓度在0.022~0.582 ng/m³之间,具有重稀土元素富集的特征。这些特征反映出广州市PM_2.5颗粒物的组成既有一次粒子,也有二次粒子,物质来源具有多重性。     

CBS图像重建中的数据修正

本文依据康普顿背散射扫描原理,给出了图像重建算法,讨论了有关的数据修正因子,得出了检测深度增大时误差累积传播的数据修正模型。     

Induced Calcite Precipitation by Cyanobacterium Synechococcus

This study investigated the role of the solution composition on calcite precipitation induced by cyanobacteria. The precipitation of calcium carbonate was induced by addition of cyanobacterium cells Synechococcus strain PCC 7942 in two artificial solutions with a different composition at similar saturation states in respect to calcite. Ion‐selective electrodes for pH, Ca²⁺, and COequation/tex2gif-stack-1.gif monitored the experiments, and the morphology of precipitated crystals was analysed by scanning electron microscopy. The calcite precipitation was observed in all experiments after the addition of the cells. The composition of solution (the ratio of dissolved inorganic carbon to dissolved calcium) strongly influenced the calcite precipitation. Based on laboratory experiment results, a possible mechanism for precipitation induced by Synechococcus is proposed linking precipitation with the conditions near to cell walls rather than with the saturation conditions in the bulk solution.     

泥鳅鳃表面形态结构扫描电镜研究

本文应用扫描电镜对泥鳅鳃表面形态结构进行了详细的观察和研究，结果表明：泥鳅鳃的鳃弓、鳃耙、鳃丝及鳃小片的上皮细胞表面各具不同的形态特征。鳃弓、鳃耙及鳃丝上皮细胞表面都有环形隆嵴、断续的短纹或点纹及小孔，而鳃小片的表面结构与其明显不同。这些结构特点与其鳃的功能机理是密切相关的。     

马氏珠母贝外套膜培养细胞的电镜观察

运用扫描电镜和透射电镜对马氏珠母贝（Pinctada martensii D0外套膜组织培养过程中各种细胞的生长变化和活动状况的研究，重点是对上皮细胞分泌活动的观察。最初从外套膜组织迁出的上皮细胞为圆球形，细胞表面近似光滑，但有走向规则细而浅的花纹；培养到第4天，上皮细胞形态上发生了较大的变化，分成A型和B型两种细胞，A型上皮细胞内颗粒物少，是处于合成分泌物的早期阶段或尚未开始合成分泌物，B型上皮细胞处于旺盛的分泌物合成阶段，细胞内粗面内质网和线粒体丰富。培养到15－16天的B型上皮细胞体积明显变大，细胞合成并聚集了大量单层膜包裹的颗粒物，培养到第31天的B型上皮细胞分泌活动减弱，上皮细胞逐渐失去分泌功能，进入衰老，死亡，胞体明显萎缩变小，整个培养过程持续了65d。     

Physical and Mechanical Characteristics of Seabed Sediment Microstructure in the Northern Shelf of the South China Sea

In the present work, the scanning electron-microscopic observations, electronprobing (energy spectrum) analyses and the analyses of physico-mechanical parmeters have been made for the sediments from two areas of the South China Sea Shelf (i.e., the sea area off the Pearl River mouth and the sea area to the south of Hainan Island); the relaion between the microstructures and the geotechnical (engineering) properties of the shelf seabed sediments has been investigated. Results of analyses reveal the diversity of the micro-structures of sediment and lead to a preliminary micro-structures classification. According to the packing and interconnecting (mutual cotacting) styles of sediment grains, the structure of pores and based on the physical and mechanical parameters, it is possible to comprehensively assess the engineering property of the microenvironments of marine sediments.     

Quantifying individual tree growth and tree competition using bi-temporal airborne laser scanning data: a case study in the Sierra Nevada Mountains,California

Improved monitoring and understanding of tree growth and its responses to controlling factors are important for tree growth modeling. Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) can be used to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of large-scale forest surveys in delineating three-dimensional forest structures and under-canopy terrains. This study proposed an ALS-based framework to quantify tree growth and competition. Bi-temporal ALS data were used to quantify tree growth in height (ΔH), crown area (ΔA), crown volume (ΔV), and tree competition for 114,000 individual trees in two conifer-dominant Sierra Nevada forests. We analyzed the correlations between tree growth attributes and controlling factors (i.e. tree sizes, competition, forest structure, and topographic parameters) at multiple levels. At the individual tree level, ΔH had no consistent correlations with controlling factors, ΔA and ΔV were positively related to original tree sizes (R?>?0.3) and negatively related to competition indices (R?R|?>?0.7), ΔV was positively related to original tree sizes (|R|?>?0.8). Multivariate regression models were simulated at individual tree level for ΔH, ΔA, and ΔV with the R² ranged from 0.1 to 0.43. The ALS-based tree height estimation and growth analysis results were consistent with field measurements.     

非对称荷载单层对撑基坑计算方法研究

支护桩（墙）加内支撑作为基坑支护的一种重要型式,已经被基坑支护工程广泛采用。但是,由于基坑所处地质条件、周围环境和土方开挖的复杂性,给基坑支护体系的精准设计计算带来障碍。对非对称荷载作用下的单层内支撑支护设计计算方法进行了探讨。首先,基于极限土压力法分析了单层内支撑与支护桩支点铰接和固结条件下的不动点调整系数的差异性;其次,利用杆系有限单元法分析了基于位移土压力和基于《规程》给出的主动土压力这两种土压力方法计算的桩身位移、弯矩和剪力的差异性。由于非对称荷载作用于基坑支护体系,引起荷载大小侧支护桩桩身位移不同,导致荷载大小侧支护桩受到的土压力也不同,大小侧支护桩桩身内力存在较大差异现象应引起重视。提出的不动点调整系数计算方法和位移土压力计算支护桩受到的土压力计算方法更为合理。     

应用X射线衍射-红外光谱等技术研究滑石在机械力研磨中的形貌和晶体结构变化及影响机制

滑石的颗粒粒径、形貌、晶型等对其应用的实效性、终端产品的性能产生极大影响,目前主要研究其表面改性,而有关微观形貌及晶体结构研究较少。本文利用X射线荧光光谱、X射线衍射分析、红外光谱、粒度分析仪结合高分辨场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)技术对辽宁滑石粉在高强度机械力研磨作用下的微形貌和晶体结构变化特征进行系统研究。结果表明滑石粉原矿混合物中MgO与SiO2的分子个数比约为0.45,该数值明显低于纯滑石粉晶体中MgO与SiO2的分子个数比0.75。此类滑石为典型的单斜晶系,研磨作用使滑石粉由晶态转变为非晶态结构,其层状结构的有序化和键合作用发生了明显的变化。滑石粒度随研磨时间变化呈现减小-增大-减小的循环过程。研磨后粉体形貌存在差异,细化的小颗粒粉体因团聚而呈"准球体",且随着研磨的进行出现细化-团聚-细化的反复过程。此结论对于滑石的深加工与应用及其相关矿物粉体的研究具有一定的参考价值。     

应用X射线衍射-扫描电镜-光学显微镜鉴定黑龙江石墨尾矿中的绢云母

石墨尾矿作为一类二次资源,当云母类矿物的含量在10%以上时,具有回收利用价值。黑龙江某地石墨尾矿中含有10%以上的云母类矿物,但其细度(500~800目)低于常规的云母矿,本文采用X射线衍射(XRD)分析矿物组成,再结合化学分析、扫描电镜-能谱、光学显微镜与纯矿物进行对比,由此鉴定云母类矿物种属。XRD研究初步表明石墨尾矿含有的云母族矿物属于白云母亚类或黑云母亚类。扫描电镜分析表明尾矿中的云母矿物与纯绢云母矿物均以片状和鳞片状为主要存在形态,而纯黑云母主要以片状形式存在。尾矿的Si O2含量为5%~13%,Al2O3含量为4%~8%,与纯绢云母接近。光学显微镜鉴定显示在正交偏光下石墨尾矿中的云母颜色和纯绢云母类似,而与纯黑云母截然不同。综合以上结果最终可确定该地石墨尾矿中的云母族矿物为白云母亚类中的绢云母。本研究为后续石墨尾矿的选矿工艺奠定了基础,也可应用于类似细度绢云母的鉴定。