区域间知识溢出的空间认识

知识溢出区域过程是新经济增长理论提出的重要过程,它有充分的空间表现。通过对“可持续发展”为关键词的论文和以“知识经济”为关键词的论文的实证分析,传统理论仅仅用知识缺口来估计溢出强度与实际材料不是很好地符合。在实证分析中发现：(1) 知识溢出不仅与知识缺口有关,而且与地理特征决定的区域需求有关。(2) 类似许多经济地理现象,溢出强度的空间衰减是指数的。(3) 区域需求驱动下的知识因此是主动的而不仅仅是贸易的衍生物。最后,提出了一个知识在区域间溢出强度的关系式。     

新疆平原区浅层地下水水质评价

本文利用2003年4～8月间386个浅层地下水水样测试结果,以流域与地(州、市)交并划定基本评价单元,选用pH、矿化度、总硬度、NH3-N、C6H5OH、CODMn和总大肠菌群7个项目作为评价因子,以为评价标准,采用一票否决法对各基本评价单元的地下水质量进行分类,并对水质成因作了简要分析.     

地壳内部第二深度空间(5000～10000m)石油与天然气地球物理勘探:化石能源发展的必由之路

任何国家要快速工业化和经济腾飞均必须依赖于大量能源的供给和消耗,当今中国正处在快速发展之际,现已成为世界上化石能源消耗的第二大国,预测在2012年前后在一次性化石能源消耗中将会超过美国,而成为世界上第一能源消耗大国.面临这种必然的格局,我国必须不失时机地、多元化地利用世界能源,同时又必须坚定的立足于本土,建立起安全、可靠和能保证持续供给的能源战略后备基地.对国内外油、气发展势态的综合研究表明：(1)在中国油气的生、储构造和岩性极为复杂、油田整装性差的条件下,一定要正确、认识和厘定双相（陆相+海相）沉积盆地、古老结晶基底和双基混合成因（有机+无机）的理念,以拓展勘探和开发空间;(2)科学理解中国油、气储量和产量的潜力,强化第二深度空间（5000～10000 m）油、气能源的勘探和开发乃本世纪能源发展的必由之路;(3)加强地球物理勘探高、新科学与技术,即新理论、方法和新技术的研究和应用乃是发现深层大型、超大型油气田和提高油田采收率的根本保证.     

地面核磁共振找水仪及其在水文地质调查工作中的应用研究

本文概要介绍了地面核磁共振找水方法的原理和世界上最新的直接探查地下水的仪器设备--地面核磁感应系统的特点,并以实例说明了NMR找水方法的应用效果,提出了关于提高NUMIS系统抗干扰能力、完善解释方法、研制系列仪器等方面的建议.     

Importance of sulfate emission to sulfur deposition at urban and rural sites in China

Throughfall (TF) and wet only (WO) deposition along with SO₂ and sulfate (SO₄²⁻) concentration in air at 4 urban and rural sites in southwestern China were monitored in order to understand the role of different forms of sulfur (S) emission to the S deposition and its effect in China. The sites were located in Chongqing, Hunan, and Guizhou provinces. S deposition at the most polluted site reached 15 g S m^− 2 yr^− 1. At three of the sites, located in the vicinity of several emission sources, dry S deposition is 2.1–4.2 times that of wet deposition, which is significantly higher than what is found in most other parts of the world.Main components in airborne particles (PM₁₀) are (NH₄)₂SO₄ and CaSO₄ at the highly polluted Tie Shan Ping (TSP) site. Dust particles of gypsum (CaSO₄) in the air are partly due to direct emission and partly from the reaction of calcium oxides and carbonates with sulfuric acid in the air. To illustrate the importance of sulfate emission to total S deposition we analyzed the source of S deposition based on both measurements and models. Results indicated that direct emission of SO₄²⁻ particles could account for high proportion in total S deposition at the three most polluted sites.     

A new procedure for the solution of the classical problem of minimal orbit determination from three lines of sight

A new method has been developed for obtaining multiple solutions of the classical angles-only initial-orbit-determination problem. The method operates by a higher-order Newton correction of the assumed values for two of the unknown ranges, with the author's universal Lambert algorithm at the heart of the procedure. The observations are permitted to span several revolutions when the orbit is elliptic, and the method is free of artificial singularities in the configuration of observers and sight-lines; thus it has been successfully used with some test problems that would not be solvable by existing methods.Former affiliation: Royal Aerospace Establishment, Farnborough     

转盘实验基本特征及大气旋转运动分析

In this paper we summarize the characteristics of the dishpan experiment, the principle of substance revolving, and the scientific basis of the “retrograde wave in only one direction” with respect to weather data and S. C. OuYang＇s articles in which the fundamental questions in the meteorological theory were pointed out. Furthermore, we discuss the systematic changes involving the concept, theory, and method that substance evolves.     

Minimal‐disturbance seismic rehabilitation of steel moment‐resisting frames using light‐weight steel elements

This paper presents a rehabilitation technique developed under a design and construction scheme, termed minimal‐disturbance seismic rehabilitation. This scheme pursues enhancing the seismic performance of buildings with the intention of improving the continuity of business while minimizing obstruction of the visual and physical space of building users and the use of heavy construction equipment and hot work (welding/cutting). The developed rehabilitation technique consists of light‐weight steel elements and aims to decrease demands to beam‐ends of steel moment‐resisting frames. The behavior of the baseline model was verified through numerical analysis and proof‐of‐concept testing. Furthermore, the effectiveness of rehabilitation is studied through retrofitting a four‐story steel moment‐resisting frame originally designed with Japanese design guidelines. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Structural identification with incomplete output‐only data and independence of measured information for shear‐type systems

Structural identification is the inverse problem of estimating physical parameters of a structural system from its vibration response measurements. Incomplete instrumentation and ambient vibration testing generally result in incomplete and arbitrarily normalized measured modal information, often leading to an ill‐conditioned inverse problem and non‐unique identification results. The identifiability of any parameter set of interest depends on the amount of independent available information. In this paper, we consider the identifiability of the mass and stiffness parameters of shear‐type systems in output‐only situations with incomplete instrumentation. A mode shape expansion‐cum‐mass normalization approach is presented to obtain the complete mass normalized mode shape matrix, starting from the incomplete non‐normalized modes identified using any operational modal analysis technique. An analysis is presented to determine the minimum independent information carried by any given sensor set‐up. This is used to determine the minimum necessary number and location of sensors from the point of view of minimum necessary information for identification. The different theoretical discussions are illustrated using numerical simulations and shake table experiments. It is shown that the proposed identification algorithm is able to obtain reliably accurate physical parameter estimates under the constraints of minimal instrumentation, minimal a priori information, and unmeasured input. The sensor placement rules can be used in experiment design to determine the necessary number and location of sensors on the monitored system. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Estimation of base motion in instrumented steel buildings using output‐only system identification

A procedure to estimate the seismic motion at the base of a building from measured acceleration response at two or more floors is presented. The proposed method is comprised of two steps. In the first step, the dynamic characteristics of the building are inferred by using an output‐only system identification procedure. In the second step, the motion of the base of the building is estimated by using the transfer function of a simplified building model consisting of a shear and flexural continuous beam together with dynamic properties obtained in the first step. The proposed method is validated first with an analytical model subjected to the 1940 El Centro ground motion and then with an instrumented building in California that experienced the 1994 Northridge earthquake, and the ground motions at the base of the building are available. It is shown that the proposed method is capable of providing very good estimates of the motion at the base. The use of the proposed method is finally illustrated on an instrumented building, where the sensor at the base of the building did not function during the 1994 Northridge earthquake. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.