两性聚丙烯酰胺水分散体系的絮凝性能

以自制的两性聚丙烯酰胺分散体系作为污水絮凝剂,考查对城市污水的处理能力。以絮体体积和上清液的透光率为考查参数,研究了聚合物用量、聚合物的离子度、体系pH值和样品溶解时的盐浓度对絮凝效果的影响,并与离子型絮凝剂进行了比较。研究发现,两性聚丙烯酰胺的絮凝能力比阴离子型聚合物的絮凝能力强,比阳离子型聚合物的絮凝能力略强,最佳使用量为3.0 mg.L-1。两性聚丙烯酰胺的絮凝能力受离子度的影响,离子基团越多,絮凝能力越强,但过多的离子基团可带来负面影响。两性聚丙烯酰胺对体系的pH值的适应范围较宽。两性聚丙烯酰胺在应用时需先用1%的氯化钠溶液溶解,盐浓度过低时聚合物不能充分溶解,高于此值对絮凝过程无明显影响。     

污水可生化性及其影响因素研究

以自行设计的生化呼吸线测定装置研究了印染污水的可生化性,该装置通过反应体系的溶解氧浓度跟踪生物降解过程.采用本文设计的模拟污水处理装置探讨了污泥驯化时间、污水投加量等对污水可生化性的影响.测定了污水经可生化性调控后的处理效果.结果表明,生化呼吸线法判断污水处理体系的可生化性是1种可靠易行的方法,提高体系的可生化性是增加污水处理效果的关键因素.     

碱厂废水光谱特性实验研究

该文报道碱厂废水随浓度变化的光谱实验。分析碱厂废水的光谱特征 ,并与相同浓度的海水悬浮泥沙水体的光谱进行比较 ;确定该废水特征波长为 50 1.3nm。根据光谱实验结果 ,结合当前已有的水色传感器的资料 ,选择两个卫星传感器波段 :Sea WIFS第四频道 (497.2～ 52 1.6 nm)和TM第二频道 (518.9～ 6 0 0 .2 nm) ;利用数字对 (R,c) ,建立了反射率与该污染水体浓度间的相关模式。为遥感技术大面积、快速地监测碱厂废水污染水体提供理论依据。     

Field measurements and monitoring of wastewater discharge in sea water

This paper reports a study of the field measurements and monitoring of wastewater discharge in sea water at Bari East (Italy). A wastewater sea outfall system is an integral and fundamental part of each wastewater treatment with ultimate sink in the sea water. The design of a water treatment plant and wastewater outfall must take into account the use of the environmental water, the values of physicochemical parameters to be respected in order to safeguard the use itself and the quality of the environmental water where wastewater is issued. In the present study measurements of sea current velocity components were carried out with a VM-ADP (Vessel-Mounted Acoustic Doppler Profiler). Salinity, wind directions and velocities were assessed with, for one survey, the total faecal coliforms and other biochemical parameters. It was emphasized that the measurements necessary for monitoring cannot be concentrated in the wastewater outfall pipe zone only, but should be extended to a neighbouring area of the outfall pipe, with an extension depending on the wastewater discharge, the polluting charge and the magnitude of the sea currents and the winds typical of the zone of interest. The analyses presented in this paper confirm that the sea zones close to the wastewater outfall pipe are particularly sensitive and vulnerable. Such results must be considered in the planning of a wastewater outfall pipe.     

纳米 Fe2O3-SnO2 光催化降解海水养殖废水中的氨氮

通过共沉淀法制备纳米Fe_2O_3-SnO_2光催化剂,采用XRD、SEM等测试手段对其进行形貌、物象、粒径一系列的表征,研究结果显示制得的催化剂仍保持纯SnO_2四方金红石型结构.研究了Fe_2O_3-SnO_2光催化剂投加量、Fe_2O_3与SnO_2物质的量比、煅烧温度、煅烧时间、氨氮初始浓度、p H值、H2O2浓度以及光照反应时间等因素对海水养殖废水中氨氮降解效率的影响.在紫外光照射下进行正交实验,确定最优化反应条件:催化剂投加量为0.4 g/dm3,煅烧时间为3 h,物质的量比为1∶2,氨氮初始含量为50 mg/dm3,光照反应时间为2 h.这5个因素对Fe_2O_3-SnO_2光催化氧化速率影响的大小程度依次为:Fe_2O_3与SnO_2物质的量比煅烧时间Fe_2O_3-SnO_2光催化剂投加量氨氮初始浓度光照时间.氨氮去除率可以达到85.1%,相同条件可见光下也可达到82.3%.     

钾长石粉酸浸除铁废液资源化的实验研究

钾长石粉经过硫酸或盐酸酸浸除铁后, 废液中含有大量的金属离子和游离酸.对废硫酸进行循环利用实验, 钾长石粉铁的浸出率达到88.3%.对酸浸废液进行蒸发结晶, 分别制备得到了纯度为94.1%的绿钾铁矾和74%的三氯化铁.用硫酸酸浸废液蒸发结晶后, 铁的回收率为70.0%, 钾的回收率为96.5%, 整个工艺无需高温, 无需加压, 操作简单, 具有高效、低能耗、低污染的特点, 表明用本项技术处理酸浸废液行之有效.分析认为, 废液呈强酸性、溶液中存在大量Fe2+、碱金属离子含量偏低是蒸发结晶过程中形成绿钾铁矾而不是黄钾铁矾的主要原因.      

活性污泥和颗粒污泥生物吸附废水中Pb~(2+)的对比研究

采用序批式实验,分别以活性污泥和颗粒污泥为吸附材料,考察接触时间、pH等因素对废水中Pb2+生物吸附效果的影响.结果表明,活性污泥和颗粒污泥对低浓度Pb2+(0～20 mg/L)能在30 min内达到吸附平衡,当Pb2+浓度在20～100 mg/L时,浓度越低,达到平衡时间越快,以被动吸附为主.在Pb2+低浓度条件下(0～20 mg/L),初始pH为4～5时,Pb2+的去除率达99%以上,且初始pH值是影响活性污泥和颗粒污泥生物吸附Pb2+的重要因素.活性污泥和颗粒污泥对Pb2+的生物吸附符合朗缪尔(Langmuir)方程,在pH为4及25 ℃下,活性污泥饱和吸附量为59.88 mg/g,颗粒污泥饱和吸附量为80.65 mg/g.因此,活性污泥和颗粒污泥可作为有效的生物吸附剂处理低浓度(0～20 mg/L)含铅废水,且颗粒污泥比活性污泥的生物吸附效果好.     

EM技术在我国水环境保护中的应用研究进展

对EM技术在我国水环境保护中的应用情况进行了综述,重点介绍了EM技术应用于废水处理领域的研究进展,同时还展望了将来的应用及研究前景.     

壳聚糖和PDMDAAC改性膨润土用于处理含油废水的研究

含油废水污染范围广,对人类和生态环境危害大。采用常规方法(如浮选法、絮凝法、电化学法、膜分离法和生物法)处理的除油率不高于91%,成本较高,因此急需开发一种高效低廉的吸附剂。膨润土是一种优良的吸附剂,但用其直接处理含油废水的效果较低。本文选用壳聚糖和PDMDAAC两种有机物作为改性剂,对钠基膨润土改性,使膨润土能有效地处理含油废水。通过实验比较了两种有机改性膨润土处理含油废水的最佳去除条件,探讨了表征对其吸附性能的影响。去油效果结果表明:壳聚糖改性膨润土的除油率可达87.8%,PDMDAAC改性膨润土的除油率可达89.3%,处理所需时间少于15 min;除油效率和处理时间都优于常规方法。吸附性能表征结果显示,两种改性剂均以负载的方式和钠基膨润土颗粒结合,吸附性能良好;相比而言,PDMDAAC改性膨润土的处理效果比壳聚糖改性膨润土更好。PDMDAAC应用于含油废水的处理,具有成本低、效率高、操作简单的特点,在含油废水处理领域具有较好的应用前景。     

Modified column flotation of adsorbing iron hydroxide colloidal precipitates

A promising technique for the removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater streams involved firstly the ions adsorption on a colloidal precipitate (carrier) and then the separation of the loaded flocs (coagula) by a modified column flotation. Here, the effluent feed and the carrier (ferric hydroxide) enter smoothly by the top of the column through a special diffuser, in counter current with rising bubbles (100–600 μm diameter) generated by using recycled water, surfactant and air suction through a venturi. High separation values of the column flotation of the carrier precipitates were achieved, despite the high superficial flow rate and the high Fe^+ 3 concentration utilized (> 60 mg L^− 1 Fe). No rupture of colloidal carrier aggregates was observed and a low split was ensured by monitoring the concentrate (floated product) flow rate. Results indicated that best separation was attained by controlling the medium pH (for best heavy metal ion adsorption onto the carrier), followed by sodium oleate, used as “collector” and optimizing operating parameters (conditioning, flow rates, etc.). The column throughput reached 43 m h^− 1 (m³ m^− 2 h^− 1), which is about 4 times the normal capacity of DAF-dissolved air flotation unit, the most used floater in wastewater treatment. Various metals (Cu, Ni, Pb, etc.) and molybdate ions present in synthetic and real effluent were successfully removed based on this colloidal adsorbing flotation principle. The process was also applied in a pilot scale to treat an industrial electroplating wastewater. Most of toxic metals (Cu, Ni and Zn) were reduced from initial concentrations of about of 2 to 10 mg L^− 1, to below 0.5 to 1.0 mg L^− 1, meeting local municipal discharge limits (but Cd ions). It is believed that flotation separation using medium-sized bubbles has great potential as a clean water and wastewater treatment technology.