人类活动影响下营养盐向河口/近海的输出和模型研究

人类活动（人口增长和经济发展所带来的对粮食和能源的需求和消费等）已经大大改变了地表圈层（土壤圈-水圈-大气圈）营养盐（主要是氮、磷、硅）的生物地球化学循环,结果是许多陆地、淡水和海洋生态系统受到显著影响并导致了严重的环境质量退化。本文对2002²005年由联合国教科文组织（UNESCO）和美国国家自然科学基金委员会资助的“全球营养盐输出和模型”（Global NEWS）项目进行了总结。     

西太湖沉积物污染的地球化学记录及对比研究

通过对西太湖MS、DLS沉积短岩芯中金属元素、营养指标的对比分析,讨论了西太湖近80年来的元素地球化学演化特征。结果表明,20世纪40年代以前,西太湖沉积物中元素为自然来源;40~70年代末期,除北部Hg、TP受到人为污染之外,其余元素仍主要为自然来源;70年代末期以来,重金属元素人为污染逐渐加重,湖泊营养程度升高。西太湖北部沉积物中Pb、Zn、Mn、Ni、As污染开始于20世纪70年代末期,Hg污染开始于40年代初期;与北部相比,南部沉积物重金属污染历史较短,Pb、Zn污染开始于70年代末期,As、Mn、Ni、Hg污染开始于80年代中期~末期。西太湖北部、南部沉积物中TN、TOC含量70年代末期以来开始增加,C/N比值增大,有机质外源输入比例增加。西太湖北部沉积物中TP含量自40年代初期以来逐渐增加,受到人为污染;南部TP含量在40~70年代略高,但无明显的人为污染特征。     

太湖蓝藻水华的扩张与驱动因素

蓝藻水华表征指标及驱动因子的多样性增加了研究人员、湖泊管理部门对于蓝藻水华扩张驱动因素的困惑,本研究通过整合太湖蓝藻水华长尺度研究的成果,将蓝藻水华扩张区分为时间扩张、空间扩张和生物量扩张3个方面,分析各自的驱动因子,系统阐述了当下太湖蓝藻水华的扩张和驱动因素.太湖蓝藻水华的时间扩张呈现由夏季集中发生向春季和秋冬季节扩张的趋势,导致春季蓝藻水华发生的提前,以及年度峰值的推迟;空间扩张呈现由西北太湖向湖心和东部湖区、乃至全湖扩张的趋势;太湖蓝藻生物量自2003年以后一直呈现缓慢增加的趋势.蓝藻水华时间扩张的驱动因素相对独立,主要受气象因子的影响,风速和日照时间是主要驱动因子,风速降低和日照时间延长均有助于蓝藻水华时间的扩张;空间扩张和生物量扩张则受气象因子和富营养化的双重影响,其中影响水华空间扩张的因子较多,富营养化和气象因素的主次难以确定,一般偶发性大面积蓝藻水华受气象因子驱动,而频发性大面积蓝藻水华主要受营养盐空间分布影响;影响蓝藻生物量扩张的主要驱动因素为总磷,另外氮磷比、水下可利用光和风速的变化也在一定程度上驱动了太湖蓝藻生物量的扩张.目前表征蓝藻水华强度通常利用空间扩张或生物量扩张指标,但是均具有一定局限性,相互间也缺乏可比性,各指标用于长尺度趋势研究更为可靠,短尺度比较受方法缺陷影响较大,应进一步开发表征水华蓝藻总存量的指标以统一空间扩张和生物量扩张.     

广西弄拉峰丛山区土壤有机质与微量营养元素有效态

以广西弄拉峰丛山区为例探讨岩溶区偏碱性条件下土壤有机质与有效态养分含量之间的相关关系。结果表明土壤有机质可显著影响有效态养分含量。主要微量营养元素的有效态多大于其缺素临界值,但存在潜在缺素的可能性。有机质与有效态锌、铁和硼均存在三种函数类型的正显著水平相关关系,反映出土壤有机质与它们的关系密切且稳定。说明有机质含量的增加,有利于提高有效锌、铁和硼的含量。前两者以指数函数类型建立的回归方程最好,后者以幂函数类型建立的回归方程最好。有效态锰与有机质较符合幂函数方程,呈显著负相关。      

发达国家禁用(限用)含磷洗衣粉的措施

于１９９５年４月－１９９６年１月对杭州西湖沉积物的若干物理,化学性状作了研究,沉降试验表明,沉积物中粒径在０．０６７－０．００２９mm之间的颗粒占沉积物总量的８０．８％,０．００２９mm以下的占４．３％,基本属于粉砂级范围,沉积物受扰动后再悬浮会明显影响水体的透明度,沉积物处于中性（ＰＨ＝６．６０－７．４０）和低厌氧状态（ＥＨ＝－３ｍＶ至１６７ｍＶ）,界面溶解氧含量在１mg／Ｌ左右,沉积物处于中性（ＰＨ     

滇池福保湾间隙水氮磷分布及其与底泥微生物和磷酸酶相互关系

在滇池福保湾不同区域应用Peeper(渗析膜式)技术,分析了底泥间隙水NH4 -N、Po43--p的垂向分布特征和近表层10cm内底泥的微生物活性(FDA)、碱性磷酸酶活性(APA),并对它们之间的相互关系进行了统计分析.结果表明,NH4 -N和Po43--p浓度自上覆水向下层间隙水呈先升后降趋势,反映它们有自间隙水向上覆水扩散的潜在危害;底泥有机质(Loss-on-Ignion,LOI)、APA和FDA活性也有从表层底泥向下层逐步降低的趋势.在空问分布上,Po43--p浓度变化为河口区>湾心区>西部沿岸区>东部沿岸区,与沉积物中LOI、APA和FDA活性的大小顺序基本相同.间隙水NH4 6-N浓度与表层10cm内底泥的APA和FDA活性具有显著正相关性(α＝0.01).Po43--p浓度与底泥APA和FDA活性具有负相关性.但相关系数很低.     

A VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION MODEL OF NUTRIENTS AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE SOUTHERN TAIWAN STRAIT

Sinoe vertical transport of nutrients and dissolved oxygen are quite important in the water col-umn and have drawn serious attention these recent years, a one-dmension numerical model is tried to simulate the vertical distribution of nutrients and dissolved oxygen in June at two research sites in the southemTaiwan Strait. Physical transport parameters are calibrated by temperature simulation, and thenare used to simulate the profiles of NO_3, PO_4 and dissolved oxygen. The simulation was generally success-ful for both stations. The importance of various factors, such as upwelling tidal current andbiogeochemical activities, which influence the vertical distribution of nutrients and dissolved oxygen, is revealed by analysis of the modeling results. Some important rates, fluxes and ratios are also estimated anddiscussed on the basis of simulation.     

Distribution of nutrients and eutrophication assessment in the Bohai Sea of China

Water samples were collected in 120 stations in the Bohai Sea of China to analyze the distribution of dissolved nutrients and assess the degree of eutrophication in August 2002. The result shows that the average concentration of DIN increased and the PO4-P concentration sharply decreased compared to the previous data of corresponding period. The high concentrations of DIN and PO4-P occurred in coastal waters, especially in the bays and some river estuaries, while the high concentrations of SiO3-Si in the surface and middle depth occurred in the central area of the Bohai Sea. The average ratio of DIN/ PO4-P was much higher than the Redfield Ratio (16:1). Apparently, PO4-P was one of the limiting nutrient for phytoplankton growing in the sea. The average concentrations of DON and DOP were higher than their inorganic forms. The results of eutrophication assessment show that 22.1% of all stations were classified as violating the concentration levels of the National Seawater Quality Standard (GB 3097-1997) for DIN and only 3.9% for PO4-P. The average eutrophication index in the overall area was 0.21±0.22 and the high values occurred in Bohai Bay, Liaodong Bay and near the Yellow River estuary. This means that the state of eutrophication was generally mesotrophic in the Bohai Sea, but relatively worse in the bays, especially some river estuaries.     

Spatial variability of soil nutrients in Punta Fort William,Greenwich Island,maritime Antarctic

This study aims to report baseline soil nutrients, specifically the organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus profile, in soil samples collected from Puntta Fort William on Greenwich Island in maritime Antarctic. Samples were collected along two transect lines during the early summer of 2008. Ward＇s method of hierarchical agglomerative clustering was employed to group the sampling points based on their physico-chemical properties. In this context, the soil samples can be grouped into three major clus- ters： （1） Samples with intensive biological activities, （2） samples from the area recently exposed by glacial retreat and （3） samples from barren and dried areas. Nutrient contents in Punta Fort William are driven by the intensity of biological activities as well as melt water from the Qnito glacier.     

Groundwater – the disregarded component in lake water and nutrient budgets. Part 2: effects of groundwater on nutrients

Lacustrine groundwater discharge (LGD) transports nutrients from a catchment to a lake, which may fuel eutrophication, one of the major threats to our fresh waters. Unfortunately, LGD has often been disregarded in lake nutrient studies. Most measurement techniques are based on separate determinations of volume and nutrient concentration of LGD: Loads are calculated by multiplying seepage volumes by concentrations of exfiltrating water. Typically low phosphorus (P) concentrations of pristine groundwater often are increased due to anthropogenic sources such as fertilizer, manure or sewage. Mineralization of naturally present organic matter might also increase groundwater P. Reducing redox conditions favour P transport through the aquifer to the reactive aquifer‐lake interface. In some cases, large decreases of P concentrations may occur at the interface, for example, due to increased oxygen availability, while in other cases, there is nearly no decrease in P. The high reactivity of the interface complicates quantification of groundwater‐borne P loads to the lake, making difficult clear differentiation of internal and external P loads to surface water. Anthropogenic sources of nitrogen (N) in groundwater are similar to those of phosphate. However, the environmental fate of N differs fundamentally from P because N occurs in several different redox states, each with different mobility. While nitrate behaves essentially conservatively in most oxic aquifers, ammonium's mobility is similar to that of phosphate. Nitrate may be transformed to gaseous N₂ in reducing conditions and permanently removed from the system. Biogeochemical turnover of N is common at the reactive aquifer‐lake interface. Nutrient loads from LGD were compiled from the literature. Groundwater‐borne P loads vary from 0.74 to 2900 mg PO₄‐P m^?2 year^?1; for N, these loads vary from 0.001 to 640 g m^?2 year^?1. Even small amounts of seepage can carry large nutrient loads due to often high nutrient concentrations in groundwater. Large spatial heterogeneity, uncertain areal extent of the interface and difficult accessibility make every determination of LGD a challenge. However, determinations of LGD are essential to effective lake management. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.