国内外地质实验测试技术装备的跟踪及发展趋势

论述了目前国内地质实验测试技术（仪器）装备的现状，在无机痕量多元素分析、同位素分析、微区分析方面具有一定优势，在有机组分、形态、价态分析方面有待加强。同时，介绍了21世纪国外发达国家重视支撑地质科学和地质调查工作的主要测试技术装备（仪器）的发展趋势。在目前国内研制开发大型精密分析仪器缺乏应有的条件时，应加强科学仪器支撑装置和系统的研制、开发和推广应用。     

The effect of carbonaceous fines on the cyclic resistance of poorly graded sands

The potential damage to man-made structures associated with earthquake-induced liquefaction has been demonstrated in catastrophic fashion over the past 40–50 years. The phenomenon of liquefaction of relatively clean, poorly graded, sands is well understood. However, the same cannot be said for cases when fine-grained materials are present within the sand matrix. A resolution of what appears in some reported studies as conflicting observations related to the effect of fines on cyclic resistance is of concern, particularly for land reclamation projects and sea fills where the material source is variable and may contain significant levels of fines. The nature of the fines themselves may have a measurable effect on the matrix behavior. The work presented herein explores the effect of silt and clay-size carbonaceous fines on the liquefaction susceptibility of sand. The choice of fines was guided by the conditions associated with the Lebanon coastal reclamation projects, where limestone/marlstone quarry source materials are dominant. The results obtained confirm the significant effect of fines on the cyclic resistance. They also confirm the existence of a limit fines content and a plasticity index threshold and establish their effect on observed behavior.     

87Sr/86Sr ratio: a natural tracer to monitor groundwater flow paths during artificial recharge in the Bangkok area, Thailand

The aquifer system in the Thon Buri sedimentary basin below the deltaic flood plain of the Chao Phraya River, central Thailand, has been exploited for public water supply for the capital Bangkok since the early 1920s. Groundwater withdrawal, currently 1.4 million m³/d, has resulted in a maximum decline in hydraulic head of up to 40 m. This has induced land subsidence of as much as 1.7 m (1940–1992) in the eastern suburbs of the metropolis. Artificial injection of purified water within an area-wide network of recharge wells could constitute a remedy to slow the water level depression within the sedimentary basin, and thus the subsidence. This requires a prior shutdown of water withdrawal. The flow paths of the injected water can be traced by changes in the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio of the groundwater and injected water mixture within the three main aquifers in the basin that are used for public supply. The ratios, monitored at five monitoring stations within the cone of depression, have been constant over 3 years. Injection of the calculated cone volume of 5.2?×?10⁹ m³ would take at least 10 years, depending on the injection pressure and the number and position of wells.     

构造趋势法计算剥蚀量的计算机实现

剥蚀量的计算是盆地非连续沉降沉积模拟过程中一个非常重要的问题,通过量化模式分析,将构造趋势法计算剥蚀量在计算机上得以实现,并在实际应用中取得较好效果。     

新疆主要城市的采暖与制冷度日数(Ⅱ)——近45年来的变化趋势

利用非参数检验法(MK检验)和简单线性回归法检测了1959-2004年近45年来新疆16个主要城市年和季采暖与制冷度日数时间序列的单调趋势,并分析了其变化特征。结果表明,由于受全球气候变暖,尤其是冬季变暖的影响,近45年来,新疆主要城市冬季和年采暖度日数普遍存在减少趋势,其中除库车县城趋势不明显外,其它15个城市的减少趋势都非常显著,年序列的线性倾向率在-25.11~-153.99℃/10 a的范围内,平均值为-77.9℃/10 a;绝大部分城市的夏季和年制冷度日数存在增加的趋势,年序列的线性倾向率处于-11.9~17.1℃/10 a之间,平均为4.3℃/10 a。冬季和年采暖度日数普遍减少必将有助于新疆采暖能源消耗量的降低,减轻城市煤烟型大气污染,进而促进新疆环境与社会健康可持续发展。     

Problems in predicting the mobility of slow-moving landslides

This paper discusses problems in predicting the mobility of slow-moving landslides. Three case studies are presented here where research has been carried out by the Utrecht University: The La Valette landslide complex in the French Alps, the La Mure landslide in the French pre-Alps near Grenoble and the Hau landslide in Switzerland.To predict field velocities of these slow-moving landslides the viscosity parameters of the material of these landslides were determined by strain-controlled tests in a ring shear apparatus based on Bishop's design at Utrecht University. The viscosity parameters from the laboratory proved to be 10 to 1000 times lower than viscosities obtained from back analyses on the observed velocities in the field. This discrepancy may be explained by the development of negative pore pressures when the plastic material slides over a rigid, wavy slip surface and/or by convergent flow effects. The associated gain in strength results in a higher apparent viscosity.A more detailed analysis is made for the movements of the La Valette landslide. Observed velocities at the La Valette landslide are difficult to describe by one parameter set as the response to a change in groundwater level is not the same during a rise or fall in the piezometric level. This deviation may be explained by rapid changes in total stresses and consequently changes in pore pressure under (partly) undrained conditions. The emerging hysteresis with local and temporal variations in pore pressure makes it difficult to predict in detail the moving pattern of landslides.     

Deriving transport pathways in a sediment trend analysis (STA)

Sediment trend analysis (STA) is a technique that enables patterns of net sediment transport to be determined by relative changes in grain-size distributions of all naturally occurring sediments. In addition, STA can determine the dynamic behaviour of bottom sediments with respect to erosion, accretion or dynamic equilibrium. The data requirements for STA are the full grain-size distributions taken from sediment grab samples collected at a regular spacing over a particular area of interest. Two types of methods are presently used in the derivation of the transport pathways: a line-by-line approach, in which transport pathways are determined by searching for sample sequences in which the distributions change, in a statistically acceptable manner; and various vector approaches, in which each sample is compared to neighbouring sites from which a vector sum is calculated.The basic assumption for STA is that the processes that cause sediment transport will affect the statistics of sediment distributions in a predictable way. In reality, this type of analysis is complicated through the inclusion of a number of uncertainties, or noise. The goal of STA is to extract the information (the transport pathways) from the noisy signal (the grain-size distributions), an approach that is made difficult because neither the nature of the information nor the noise is known. Because of this, obtaining results by simply applying its theory in a “black-box” approach may provide poor solutions.The line-by-line approach to STA draws from communications theory to achieve a solution. In some communications systems, the information from many sources is combined into one signal. The resulting signal is, from a statistical viewpoint, nothing but noise. The extraction of specific information assumes that information is indeed present, and determines if that assumption is consistent with the received signal. For STA, the procedure is to assume a transport direction over an area comprising many sample sites. From this assumption, the predicted sediment trends are compared with the pathways determined by the actual samples. The assumed transport direction is repeatedly modified until the best fit is achieved.Vector techniques may be very helpful to provide insights and guidance to the line-by-line approach. However, the approach is ultimately necessary to finalize a credible solution as well as providing important further information on the dynamic behaviour of the sediments, and to delineate specific sediment transport environments.     

GIS支持下的黑潮锋特征提取方法研究

海洋环境对舰艇的作战效能具有重要影响,特别是海洋锋等海洋中尺度现象将导致水下声传播产生畸变从而严重影响舰艇的声学探测。研究了黑潮锋区海洋环境的特点,提出了利用趋势面分析得到黑潮锋区温度场的大面分布以及黑潮锋的变化趋势,探讨了计算温度场坡度、提取黑潮锋空间分布特征的方法,分析结果表明了该方法的有效性。     

GIS技术的研究现状及未来发展趋势

GIS是随着计算机技术发展而形成的一门新兴技术,其应用程度和范围也随之渗透、延伸,得到了人们的广泛关注。该文综述了地理信息的发展现状,从多个角度分析当前GIS技术发展存在的不足,并在此基础上研究分析了GIS技术的未来发展趋势。