介观尺度孔隙流体流动作用对纵波传播特征的影响研究——以周期性层状孔隙介质为例

介观尺度孔隙流体流动是地震频段岩石表现出较强速度频散与衰减的主要作用.利用周期性层状孔隙介质模型,基于准静态孔弹性理论给出了模型中孔隙压力、孔隙流体相对运动速度以及固体骨架位移等物理量的数学解析表达式,同时利用Biot理论将其扩展至全频段条件下,克服了传统White模型中介质分界面处流体压力不连续的假设. 在此基础上对准静态与全频段下模型介质中孔隙压力、孔隙流体相对运动速度变化形式及其对弹性波传播特征的影响进行了讨论,为更有效理解介观尺度下流体流动耗散和频散机制提供物理依据.研究结果表明,低频条件下快纵波孔压在介质层内近于定值,慢纵波通过流体扩散改变总孔隙压力, 随频率的增加慢波所形成的流体扩散作用逐渐减弱致使介质中总孔压逐渐接近于快纵波孔压,在较高频率下孔压与应力的二次耦合作用使总孔压超过快纵波孔压.介质中孔隙流体相对运动速度与慢纵波形成的流体相对运动速度变化形式一致;随频率的增加孔隙流体逐渐从排水的弛豫状态过渡到非弛豫状态,其纵波速度-含水饱和度变化形式也从符合孔隙流体均匀分布模式过渡到斑块分布模式,同时介质在不同含水饱和度下的衰减峰值与慢纵波所形成的孔隙流体相对流动速度具有明显的相关性.     

The main characteristics of the lithosphere-asthenosphere system in Italy and surrounding regions

We present a summary of the available information on Rayleigh-wave dispersion data for the Italian area. The dispersion curves can be grouped into two main families according to their shape: one with an almost linear trend in the period range from 40 to 150 sec the other with a relatively flat portion in the period range from 40 to 80 sec. The inversion of these data shows that there are strong lateral variation in the lithosphere system: a very rapid transition in the lithospheric thickness, from about 130 km to about 30 km, as well as in the S-wave velocity of the lithosphere and asthenosphere.Some cross-sections are described in order to have a more direct insight on the gross features of the upper mantle.An attempt is made to discuss the properties of the upper mantle taking into account the tectonic evolution of the Mediterranean.     

水平变量配置对地转演变模拟的影响

从描述准地转、β-平面近似下的Rossby波方程组出发，在Arakawa A-E网格上，从频率和群速方面讨论了这五种网格的计算频散性。结果表明：D、C网格比其它网格对Rossby波产生的歪曲都要小。     

The impact of boundary on the fractional advection–dispersion equation for solute transport in soil: Defining the fractional dispersive flux with the Caputo derivatives

The inherent heterogeneity of geological media often results in anomalous dispersion for solute transport through them, and how to model it has been an interest over the past few decades. One promising approach that has been increasingly used to simulate the anomalous transport in surface and subsurface water is the fractional advection–dispersion equation (FADE), derived as a special case of the more general continuous time random walk or the stochastic continuum model. In FADE, the dispersion is not local and the solutes have appreciable probability to move long distances, and thus reach the boundary faster than predicted by the classical advection–dispersion equation (ADE). How to deal with different boundaries associated with FADE and their consequent impact is an issue that has not been thoroughly explored. In this paper we address this by taking one-dimensional solute movement in soil columns as an example. We show that the commonly used FADE with its fractional derivatives defined by the Riemann–Liouville definition is problematic and could result in unphysical results for solute transport in bounded domains; a modified method with the fractional dispersive flux defined by the Caputo derivatives is presented to overcome this problem. A finite volume approach is given to numerically solve the modified FADE and its associated boundaries. With the numerical model, we analyse the inlet-boundary treatment in displacement experiments in soil columns, and find that, as in ADE, treating the inlet as a prescribed concentration boundary gives rise to mass-balance errors and such errors could be more significant in FADE because of its non-local dispersion. We also discuss a less-documented but important issue in hydrology: how to treat the upstream boundary in analysing the lateral movement of tracer in an aquifer when the tracer is injected as a pulse. It is shown that the use of an infinite domain, as commonly assumed in literature, leads to unphysical backward dispersion, which has a significant impact on data interpretation. To avoid this, the upstream boundary should be flux-prescribed and located at the upstream edge of the injecting point. We apply the model to simulate the movement of Cl⁻ in a tracer experiment conducted in a saturated hillslope, and analyse in details the significance of upstream-boundary treatments in parameter estimation.     

新疆阿舍勒铜矿区及外围表生地球化学分散特征

研究了阿舍勒铜矿区及外围区域岩石-土壤-水系沉积物风化作用体系的地球化学特征,发现:①Ca是研究区最活跃的元素,在土壤40-200cm深度上形成碱性碳酸盐地球化学障──钙积层.②不同地质背景对元素表生活动有制约作用,背景区和异常区元素的表现有明显差异.③从风化岩石→土壤→水系沉积物,Cu、Zn的存在形式发生明显变化,从以硫化物相为主变成以有机相为主.④大多数铜矿化指示元素都富集在<0.5mm的水系沉积物中,并可沿水系迁移到矿区下游7km以外.     

瞬态瑞雷面波法在勘探海堤抛石体中的应用

多道瞬态面波勘探技术是近几年快速发展起来的高新技术,在工程勘察中得到广泛应用,并取得良好效果。简要介绍了瞬态瑞雷面波基本原理、工作方法以及资料解释等,并以工程实例论述瑞雷面波法在检测海堤抛石体深度中的应用效果。     

Dye dispersion in the surf zone: Measurements and simple models

To examine the spatial and temporal effect of low-volume land-based runoff on beach contamination, discrete batches of dye were released at the shoreline at three beaches in Santa Monica Bay in 2000 (Malibu Creek, Santa Monica Canyon and Pico–Kenter drain). Dye concentration was measured at the shoreline 25, 50 and 100 m alongshore from the dye release point for up to 40 min after dye release. The shoreline concentration time series are characterized either by approximately exponential decay in concentration after passage of the dye patch maximum concentration or by persistent low concentration up to 30 min after passage of the initial dye patch front. In the absence of detailed measurements of physical conditions, several simple advection–diffusion models are used to simulate shoreline concentration time series for an idealized surf zone in order to probe the roles of alongshore current shear and rip currents in producing the observed characteristics in dye concentration time series. Favorable qualitative and quantitative comparison of measured and simulated time series suggest alongshore current shear and rip currents play key roles in generating the observed characteristics of nearshore dye patch dispersion. The models demonstrate the potential effects of these flow features on the extent and duration of beach contamination owing to a continuous contamination source.     

三角网格有限元法声波与弹性波模拟频散分析

本文对声波与弹性波方程进行有限元法离散,构造有限元法频散关系的一般特征值问题,分析了时间离散格式为中心差分的三角网格有限元法声波与弹性波模拟的频散特性. 比较了三种质量矩阵即分布式质量矩阵、集中质量矩阵和混合质量矩阵对有限元法频散的影响;选取四种典型三角网格,分析了混合质量矩阵有限元（MFEM）频散的方向各向异性;数值频散、方向各向异性随插值阶数的增加逐渐减弱,当空间为三阶插值时,频散主要表现为随采样率的变化而几乎无明显方向各向异性, 其频散幅值也较小. 控制其他影响因素不变的情况下,研究了不同波速比介质中弹性波的数值频散. 最后给出了三角网格MFEM的数值耗散性.     

The Geothermal Pulse of Hot-Spot and Its Dispersion Process Over China-India-Burma and Change of Short-Term Climate

THE GEOTHERMAL PULSE OF HOT-SPOT AND ITS DISPERSION PROCESS OVER CHINA-INDIA-BURMA AND CHANGE OF SHORT-TERM CLIMATE     

用瞬态多道瑞利波法研究夏垫隐伏断裂附近的浅层速度结构变化

用瞬态多道瑞利波法,对夏垫隐伏断裂附近的浅层速度结构进行了调查研究,利用f-k域分析方法提取瑞利波频散曲线,分别用遗传算法和半波长方法反演,得到断裂附近的横波速度结构和瑞利波相速度分布剖面。反演结果与钻孔资料的对比表明,瞬态瑞利波法对于探测上断点埋深较浅的隐伏断裂是有效和可靠的。