分析社会生态位，优化整合闽台旅游开发

“海峡两岸旅游区”是国家“十一五”优先规划和建设的重点旅游区之一。近年来,旅游业界、理论界为实现闽台旅游良性互动,进行了大胆的尝试与探索。本文从社会生态学原理的角度,分析闽台旅游资源与环境结构的同质、异质特征,并在此基础上提出优化整合闽台旅游资源,开发两岸旅游合作精品的战略思路及保障措施。     

基于GIS的景观空间格局地形分布及生态效应的研究——以黑龙江省尚志市帽儿山地区为例

采用地形位指数描述区域地形差异,并利用无量纲的分布指数对景观组分空间分布特征进行定量分析;通过地形差异揭示景观空间格局分布规律,并对各景观要素定量赋值,通过生态效应模型研究土地利用综合生态效应。结果表明：自然景观主导区域景观格局,人为景观次之,半自然景观则明显处于支配地位;各景观组分在地形位梯度上的分布格局表现出显著分化,低段区域上各景观组分竞争激烈,分布相对集中,高段区域,限制了部分景观的生存发展,景观组分相对单一;生态环境质量好的区域,自然景观为主体;生态环境质量中等的区域,处于自然景观和人为景观的过渡地带;生态环境差的区域,以人为景观为主体。     

古尔班通古特沙漠南缘不同立地条件植物多样性和优势种群生态位特征研究

以古尔班通古特沙漠南缘不同立地条件植物群落为研究对象,分析了该区不同立地条件植物群落的种类组成、优势种群及优势种群的生态位特征。结果表明:①不同立地条件的植物群落均为灌木-草本模式,优势种群为梭梭、白梭梭、白皮沙拐枣、羽毛针禾、骆驼刺、琵琶柴、狭果鹤虱、沙蓬、倒披针叶虫实;②由于不同立地条件环境因子差异,造成其植物群落的α多样性指数存在差异;③Whittacker指数与Cody指数显示不同立地条件植物群落β多样性随环境变化可分为两个梯度,第一梯度为垄顶、迎风坡与背风坡上部,第二梯度为平坦荒地、丘间平地与背风坡中、下部;④生态位宽度大的物种间生态位重叠大。在古尔班通古特沙漠南缘进行受损群落植被恢复与重建时,可在适宜的立地条件种植梭梭与羽毛针禾。     

土地经济生态位变化下的城乡空间景观格局表征——以广东省惠州市为例

土地利用变化对生物多样性和生态过程有着深刻的影响,与城乡景观格局变化密切相关。尝试将土地利用变化驱动力——土地经济生态位的理论和方法引入到景观生态学当中,为城乡空间景观格局空间表征提供新的方法。通过选取表征景观格局指标的破碎化指数、分形维数,利用Envi4.8、Arcmap10.0,Fragstasts4.1等软件,以广东省惠州市为例,在分析土地经济生态位与景观类型、景观指数之间的关系基础上,对土地经济生态位变化下的城乡空间景观格局进行表征。结果表明：不同景观土地面积数量的增减与该类型土地经济生态位升降具有一致性的规律,土地经济生态位上升,相应的景观土地面积增大,反之则减小;土地经济生态位越小,表征景观格局的景观破碎化指数、分维数指数越大,破碎化指数与分维数指数的增减与土地经济生态位升降表现出一致性的规律,土地经济生态位上升,相应的破碎化指数、分维数指数则增大,反之则减小;城乡空间景观格局变化的发生主要出现在土地经济生态位高的区域。土地经济生态位的变化是城乡景观格局变化的重要影响因子,能够很好解释城乡空间景观格局特征。     

Trophic analysis of two species of Atopsyche (Trichoptera: Hydrobiosidae)

To compare the trophic niche of coexisting larvae of Atopsyche yunguensis and Atopsyche spinosa we analysed their gut contents and found little niche overlap: A. yunguensis fed primarily on Trichoptera and amorphous matter, whereas A. spinosa fed on Diptera. A. spinosa showed both a spatial range and a niche breadth larger than those of A. yunguensis. Behavioural observations on A. spinosa may emphasize the use of chelate anterior legs for securing preys. Both species have been included into the predator-clingers functional group.     

基于密度的小生境粒子群算法在空间信息服务选择中的应用

针对现有空间信息服务选择技术的不足,提出了一种基于粒子群优化算法的多目标优化策略,通过同时优化多个QoS参数,产生一组满足约束条件的Pareto最优解。针对多峰函数的多目标优化问题,采用基于改进密度聚类的小生境技术,保证了解的多样性。构建了模拟试验环境,验证了算法的可行性和效率。     

Spatial restructuring and land consolidation of urban-rural settlement in mountainous areas based on ecological niche perspective

With the socio-economic development associated with urbanization, the urban-rural relationship has changed across the world. In China, due to the urban-rural dual structure, these changes turn out to be more complicated. Spatial restructuring are suggested as the main strategies and spatial supporting platforms for urban-rural development. However, the theory still lacks solid methodology and support from systematic empirical studies. This study seeks an adequate scientific methodology and discusses the difference of urban-rural transformation in plains and mountainous areas. A case in Shanghang County, China, demonstrates: 1) The compound ecological niche model can be a suitable approach in urban-rural restructuring, especially in mountainous areas. 2) The urban-rural development area with highly inappropriate, slightly appropriate, moderately appropriate, and highly appropriate areas are 1273.2 km² (44.69%); 906.1 km² (31.80%); 509.4 km² (17.88%); and 160.1 km² (5.62%), respectively. 3) The “deserting villages” in mountainous areas play positive synergistic roles in urbanization, in contrast to the “hollowing villages” common in plain areas. 4) The central town-village will become the most important settlement in mountainous areas. Therefore, we suggest more attention should be paid to environmental capacity in the construction of central town-villages. This study significantly extends the understanding of “hollowing village” theory and regional planning.     

How many predictors in species distribution models at the landscape scale? Land use versus LiDAR-derived canopy height

At the local spatial scale, land-use variables are often employed as predictors for ecological niche models (ENMs). Remote sensing can provide additional synoptic information describing vegetation structure in detail. However, there is limited knowledge on which environmental variables and how many of them should be used to calibrate ENMs. We used an information-theoretic approach to compare the performance of ENMs using different sets of predictors: (1) a full set of land-cover variables (seven, obtained from the LGN6 Dutch National Land Use Database); (2) a reduced set of land-cover variables (three); (3) remotely sensed laser data optimized to measure vegetation structure and canopy height (LiDAR, light detection and ranging); and (4) combinations of land cover and LiDAR. ENMs were built for a set of bird species in the Veluwe Natura 2000 site (the Netherlands); for each species, 26–214 records were available from standardized monitoring. Models were built using MaxEnt, and the best performing models were identified using the Akaike’s information criterion corrected for small sample size (AICc). For 78% of the bird species analysed, LiDAR data were included in the best AICc model. The model including LiDAR only was the best performing one in most cases, followed by the model including a reduced set of land-use variables. Models including many land-use variables tended to have limited support. The number of variables included in the best model increased for species with more presence records. For all species with 33 records or less, the best model included LiDAR only. Models with many land-use variables were only selected for species with >150 records. Test area under the curve (AUC) scores ranged between 0.72 and 0.92. Remote sensing data can thus provide regional information useful for modelling at the local and landscape scale, particularly when presence records are limited. ENMs can be optimized through the selection of the number and identity of environmental predictors. Few variables can be sufficient if presence records are limited in number. Synoptic remote sensing data provide a good measure of vegetation structure and may allow a better representation of the available habitat, being extremely useful in this case. Conversely, a larger number of predictors, including land-use variables, can be useful if a large number of presence records are available.     

Identifying minimal sets of survey techniques for multi-species monitoring across landscapes: an approach utilising species distribution models

Monitoring for species occupancy is often carried out at local scales, reflecting specific targets, available logistics, and funding. Problematically, conservation planning and management operate at broader scales and use information inventories with good scale coverage. Translating information between local and landscape scales is commonly treated in an ad hoc manner, but conservation decision-making can benefit from quantifying spatial-knowledge relationships. Fauna occupancy monitoring, in particular, suffers from this issue of scale, as there are many different survey methods employed for different purposes. Rather than ignoring how informative these methods are when predicting regional distributions, we describe a statistical approach that identifies survey combinations that provide the greatest additive value in mammal detection across different scales. We identified minimal sets of survey methods for 53 terrestrial mammal species across a large area in Australia (New South Wales (NSW), 800,000 km²) and for each of the 18 bioregions it encompasses. Utility of survey methods varied considerably at a landscape scale. Unplanned opportunistic sightings were the single largest source of species information (35%). The utility of other survey methods varied spatially; some were retained in minimal sets for many bioregions, while others were spatially restricted or unimportant. Predator scats, Elliot and pitfall trapping, spotlighting, and diurnal herpetofauna surveys were the most frequently included survey methods at a landscape scale. Use of our approach can guide identification of efficient combinations of survey methods, maximising detection and returns for monitoring. Findings and methodologies are easily transferable and are globally applicable across any taxa. They provide guidelines for managing scarce resources for regional ?monitoring programs, and improving regional strategic ?conservation planning.     

Habitat use patterns of the invasive red lionfish Pterois volitans: a comparison between mangrove and reef systems in San Salvador,Bahamas

The Indo‐Pacific red lionfish Pterois volitans is widespread both in its native and its non‐native habitats. The rapid invasion of this top predator has had a marked negative effect on fish populations in the Western Atlantic and the Caribbean. It is now well documented that lionfish are invading many tropical and sub‐tropical habitats. However, there are fewer data available on the change in lionfish abundance over time and the variation of body size and diet across habitats. A recent study in San Salvador, Bahamas, found body size differences between individuals from mangrove and reef systems. That study further suggested that ontogenetic investigation of habitat use patterns could help clarify whether lionfish are using the mangrove areas of San Salvador as nurseries. The aim of the present study is to determine temporal trends in lionfish relative abundance in mangrove and reef systems in San Salvador, and to further assess whether there is evidence suggesting an ontogenetic shift from mangroves to reef areas. Accordingly, we collected lionfish from mangrove and reef habitats and calculated catch per unit effort (a proxy for relative abundance), compared body size distributions across these two systems, and employed a combination of stable isotope, stomach content, and genetic analyses of prey, to evaluate differences in lionfish trophic interactions and habitat use patterns. Our results show that populations may have increased in San Salvador during the last 4 years, and that there is a strong similarity in body size between habitats, stark differences in prey items, and no apparent overlap in the use of habitat and/or food resources. These results suggest that there is not evidence an for ontogenetic shift from mangroves to reefs, and support other studies that propose lionfish are opportunistic forages with little movement across habitats.