Resource Use by a Mediterranean Rocky Slope Fish Assemblage

Abstract. Resource partitioning has been intensely studied in fish assemblages of tropical reefs, whereas surprisingly little research has been conducted on the benthic Mediterranean. Here we describe the composition of a fish assemblage of the rocky slopes at Tremiti Islands, southern Adriatic Sea, the vertical distribution at depths from 0 to 42 m, habitat choice and food use of the different species, and we identify the resources along which species are ecologically segregated. Species composition and fish density showed high similarities with the few other assemblages that have been censused on the rocky coasts of the Mediterranean. We observed a wide overdispersion among species in their use of food and habitat, while very little segregation occurred at the level of depth distribution. No coincident use of food, habitat or active periods occurred among fish species, and no trophic guilds exist in the three-dimensional niche.     

生态位理论在昆明市土地利用结构优化中的应用

土地利用的效益及潜力可用土地利用的生态位来描述。借助生态位理论,通过分析昆明市（1996～2004年）土地利用类型面积及土地利用类型面积变化情况,并结合土地利用的经济生态位模型,计算了昆明市1999～2006年土地利用类型间相互作用的强度。结果表明昆明市农用地与建设用地经济生态位位差较大,经济发展和城市化进程更加剧了建设用地占用农用地的速度和强度;农用地内部各种土地利用类型的生态位宽度,耕地和牧草地最高且逐年增加,而林地处于较低水平,反映出昆明市需要依靠内部土地利用结构的调整来提高农用地生态位,从而实现土地资源的合理利用与优化配置。     

土地利用可持续发展位理论构建与应用

结合土地利用生态位理论和可持续发展理论,构建了土地利用可持续发展位理论,其核心内容包括土地利用可持续发展基本位、理想位、优势位、关键位和土地利用可持续发展位空间概念及模型。以甘肃省为例,测算确定了甘肃各地州市建设用地与新增建设用地可持续发展位空间。甘肃各地州市建设用地除了嘉峪关、金昌市指标值超出可持续发展位空间外,其余各地州市建设用地控制指标均处于可持续发展位空间内。白银、武威、张掖、酒泉、庆阳、甘南的指标值接近于理想目标;天水、平凉、定西、陇南、临夏的指标值趋近于适度目标。新增建设用地可持续发展位空间结果除平凉市和甘南州外,其余各地州市的控制指标均处于新增建设用地控制指标与其可持续发展位空间之间。表明《甘肃省土地利用总体规划（2006-2020）》确定的各地建设用地与新增建设用地控制规模基本均处于可持续发展位空间范围。甘肃省的实践证明,土地利用可持续发展位理论可用于系统研究土地生态系统变化规律,指导土地资源的可持续利用。     

基于改进遗传算法的基桩缺陷自动识别

利用遗传算法对基桩缺陷自动识别的方法进行了研究。针对简单遗传算法的早熟和后期收敛缓慢现象,引入了自适应杂交变异概率方法和自适应小生境技术的方法,并在由一维应力波理论和差分方法对低应变测桩信号仿真的基础上,对基桩缺陷自动识别进行了研究。结果表明,该算法适用于桩缺陷自动识别,可以有效地解决简单遗传算法的早熟和后期收敛缓慢现象,而且计算效率也有明显提高。     

Diet of two invading gobiid species (Proterorhinus semilunaris and Neogobius melanostomus) during the breeding and hatching season: No field evidence of extensive predation on fish eggs and fry

One of the potential impacts of invasive gobies on native fish fauna is predation on eggs and fry. Therefore, the diet composition of two invading gobiid species, the tubenose goby Proterorhinus semilunaris and round goby Neogobius melanostomus, was examined in the Dyje river system (Danube basin, Central Europe) during the 2011 reproductive season to ascertain the extent of gobiid predation on heterospecific and conspecific eggs and juveniles. Consumption of fish eggs and juveniles by invading gobies was very low. The diets of both species consisted largely of benthic macroinvertebrates, and particularly insect larvae. These results indicate that invading gobies in the Dyje river system are likely to impact native fish fauna more through competitive effects than through direct predation on eggs and juveniles.     

Germination in tamaulipan thornscrub of north-eastern Mexico

In semi-arid environments plants should be selected to germinate at times most suitable for seedling establishment. Germinability, rate of germination and temperature preference for germination (12 or 28°C constant) were analysed with respect to growth form (grass, forb, woody), longevity and seed size. Short-lived species showed preferential germination at either high or low temperature, whereas long-lived species tended to be indifferent to season. Germinability was >20% for 28 spp., 17 species were <10% and 21 species did not germinate under any circumstances. Growth form or life-span did not influence germination. Woody species germinated rapidly. Germinability and germination rate were positively associated.     

用定量化生态位研究环境影响生物物种的变化过程

在生态系统中,生物的生存和消亡以及环境的变化一直是人们研究的热点。通过胶州湾生态模型的研究定义和量化多维生态位。并应用多维生态位定量化展示了物种之间的团结、吸引和竞争、排斥的基本原理,以及在环境作用下,物种之间的关系变化过程。为研究物种生存和消亡、环境变化和物种进化提供了科学依据。     

生态位理论在沙地农业开发中的应用

在回顾生态位理论的产生、发展及其在我国生态农业建设中的应用基础上,总结了生态位理论在沙地农业开发中的应用。主要途径有:引进新的生态元、组装高效生态元、开拓潜在生态位、定向改变基础生态位。     

Landforms as extended composite phenotypes

Biotic influences on geomorphology (and vice‐versa) are ubiquitous. This paper explores whether landforms may be extended (composite) phenotypes of biota, based on four criteria: process–form relationships between biota and landforms; evolutionary synchrony; selective pressure via ecosystem engineering and niche construction; and positive feedback benefitting the engineer organism(s). Coral reefs, peat bogs, biomantles, insect mounds, grassland soils, salt marshes, mangrove swamps, and some vegetation‐dependent sand dune types clearly meet these criteria. Karst landforms, meandering rivers, and tree uprooting pit‐mound systems meet the first three criteria, but positive feedback to engineer organisms has not been established. Research in biogeomorphology will surely identify other extended phenotypes. Implications are that biological evolution will continue to drive landscape metamorphosis, the appearance of new landform types, and presumably the disappearance of extended phenotypes associated with extinct species. Independently of extended phenotypes, tightly‐coupled geomorphological–ecological interactions such as coevolution, and biogeomorphic forms of ecosystem engineering and niche construction are common. The toposphere, encompassing Earth's landforms, is partly a biotic construct. Some elements would be present in an abiotic world, but the toposphere would not exist in anything resembling its contemporary state without a biosphere. This raises important questions with respect to Earth system evolution. The bio, litho‐, atmo‐, hydro‐, topo‐, and pedospheres coevolve at the global scale. Major biotic events have driven revolutions in the other spheres, but the atmosphere and the global hydrological system seem to have been relatively steady‐state at the global scale. The toposphere and pedosphere have not. This suggests that perhaps landforms and soils provide the major mechanisms or degrees of freedom by which Earth responds to biological evolution. Landforms and soils may thus be the ‘voice’ of the biosphere as it authors planetary change, even if clear biotic signatures are lacking. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.