2001-2002水文年环太湖河道的水量及污染物通量

根据2001-2002水文年115条环太湖河道的同步环境监测资料,对水量及污染物通量进行了估算.全年的入湖水量为80.11×108m3,出湖水量为96.67×108m3.入湖水量主要通过西部河网以及西苕溪、望虞河等河流汇入太湖,其中西部河网的入湖量占总入湖量的60%;出湖水量主要通过太浦河、东苕溪以及东部河网汇出太湖,其中太浦河的出湖量占47%.污染物通量的估算结果是,CODMn、TN及TP的入湖总通量分别为37571t/a、28658t/a及1029t/a,出湖总通量分别为35431t/a、14600t/a及668t/a.CODMn、TN及TP入湖通量通过西部河网进入太湖的比例占63%、49%及47%;CODMn、TN及TP出湖通量通过太浦河汇出太湖的比例占51%、45%及34%.通过与上世纪90年代以前相同年型的数据进行对比,除TP外,其它各种污染物的入湖量均明显增加,且污染物在湖泊中的滞留率也显著提高.由此说明,环太湖河道入湖污染负荷的增加是太湖水环境恶化的根本原因.     

沙质河床冲刷过程中床沙级配的模拟

研究了沙质河床冲刷过程中床沙级配的模拟方法。在该方法中采用了新的描述床沙级配变化的动力学方程和床沙级配在交换层内垂向变化与水流强度、河床冲刷强度的关系,反映了冲刷过程中交换层内向床面补充的物理过程。通过室内实验率定了相关参数,建立了床沙级配变化动力学方程的数值求解方法,模拟了床沙冲刷粗化。计算结果与室内实验结果符合较好,表明所建议的方法反映了河床冲刷中床沙级配变化的物理事实,可用于沙质河床冲刷粗化模拟。     

哈尔滨西泉眼水库夏季浮游植物群落结构动态特征

西泉眼水库作为哈尔滨市第二水源地,事关居民的饮用水安全,而浮游植物群落特征则是水库生态系统健康状况监测与评估的重要研究内容之一,能为水库生态系统健康提供科学支撑.本研究设置13个采样点,对库区和入库河流的浮游植物群落进行对比分析,采样时间为蓝藻水华易发的7月和8月.经镜检,共鉴定浮游植物7门169种,其中绿藻门最多,83种,占总种数的49.11%;硅藻门次之,47种,占总种数的27.81%;蓝藻门15种,占总种数的8.88%;隐藻门最少,仅有2种.浮游植物丰度在10.92×105~88.44×105cells/L之间,均值为51.6×105cells/L,以8月的3#采样点最高;生物量在2.61~22.44 mg/L之间,均值为10.37 mg/L,以8月的5#采样点最高.Shannon-Wiener指数在2.46~4.69之间,均值为3.33,以7月12#采样点最高.研究水域浮游植物优势种群以梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella meneghiniana)、肘状针杆藻(Synedra ulna)、阿氏席藻(Phormidium allorgei)和游丝藻(Planctonema sp.)为主.同时,典范对应分析表明:1)既将西泉眼水库库区和入库河流区分为两个相对独立的生态系统,又展现了同一生态系统内的月份变化趋势,说明西泉眼水库库区和入库河流区的浮游植物群落的时空分布异质性显著;2)库区内河流入库口处、库心和大坝口处浮游植物群落梯级差异显著,入库河流区水质明显优于库区;3)氨氮、硝态氮、总氮和总磷是影响浮游植物种群的主要驱动因子.研究认为,西泉眼水库水体总体上已处于中度富营养水平,并存在进一步富营养化的风险.建议水库管理部门建立水生态系统健康监测与评估预警体系,配套相应的水生态管理制度,并采取适宜的生态修复技术等生态治理措施,以确保哈尔滨市供水水源安全.     

我国过去50 a来降水变化趋势及其对水资源的影响(Ⅰ):年系列

应用全国范围内的678个气象站1951-1998年长系列降水资料, 用线性回归方法研究降水量、降水日数和降水强度的变化趋势, 同时结合长江和黄河主要控制水文站同期的径流资料, 研究径流对气候变化的响应. 结果表明: 近50 a来年降水量表现出明显的区域性变化特征, 东部地区降水日数减少显著, 西部地区年降水日数以增加为主; 日平均降水强度的变化趋势除西南地区有一带状的微量减少外, 全国大部分地区表现为增加趋势. 气候的上述变化趋势对我国干旱的西北地区有利, 该区河流径流量有明显增加; 另一方面, 降水强度的增加导致洪水事件的濒发. 但对干旱的华北、多雨的华东和华南地区却不利, 华北呈现愈加干旱, 华东华南愈多洪涝. 黄河20世纪90年代持续的严重断流和长江淮河近10 a的洪涝大灾频发, 就是一个例证.     

A sedimentary facies model for stepped,fluvial tufa systems in the Iberian Range (Spain): the Quaternary Piedra and Mesa valleys

Stratigraphic and sedimentological analyses of the Quaternary tufa and associated deposits in the Piedra and Mesa river valleys allowed a number of stages of their sedimentary evolution to be characterized, and a depositional sedimentary model for this north‐central sector of the Iberian Range (Spain) to be established. The proposed sedimentary facies model may explain tufa arrangements in other medium to high gradient, stepped, fluvial tufa systems with narrow transverse profiles occurring in temperate, semi‐arid areas, in both recent and past scenarios. There are several tufa deposits within the Piedra and Mesa river valleys that, over a maximum thickness of about 90 m, record one or more stages of tufa deposition produced following the fluvial incision of the bedrock or previous tufa deposits. Each depositional stage begins with coarse detrital sedimentation. Six fundamental, vertical sequences of tufa facies with small amounts of detrital material reveal the sedimentary processes that occurred in different fluvial environments: channel areas with: (i) free‐flowing water; (ii) barrages and/or cascades; and (iii) dammed water and palustrine floodplains. The proposed sedimentary model involves narrow, stepped, fluvial valleys in which tufa cascades were common. Alternating intervals of bryophyte and stromatolite facies commonly formed at some cascades. Many of these represented barrage‐cascade structures that consisted of phytoclast rudstones, thick phytoherms of mosses and associated stromatolites, and curtain‐shaped phytoherms of stems. Upstream of these structures, dammed areas with bioclastic sands and silts developed and palustrine vegetation grew. The channel stretches between barrages and/or cascades were loci for extensive stromatolite growth in fast flowing water. The palustrine floodplain was home to pools and drainage channels. The model also explains the growth of some barrages in the River Piedra that surpassed the height of the divide, with the diffluence of the main channel into a secondary course forming other tufa deposits in the area. The distribution and abundance of certain types of tufa facies in fluvial basins may be an indicator of differences in their gradients. The facies studied in this work suggest that the gradient of the ancient River Piedra was steeper than that of the ancient River Mesa. Assuming similar scenarios for climate and hydrology, the depositional settings mentioned above and their dimensions would have been determined mainly by the gradient and width of the associated river valleys. This sedimentary model may also be useful for inferring variations in other river basin slopes, as well as accounting for the presence of tufas in areas that normally have no permanent water input.     

三江源区温性草原蒸散量与主要影响因子的相关分析

以小型自动气象站观测资料为基础,采用FAO Penman-Monteith方法估算三江源温性草原参考作物蒸散量,并结合FAO-56的推荐值进行了草地实际蒸散量的计测。结果表明,蒸散量季节动态呈单峰曲线变化趋势,在8月中旬达到年度最高值,平均为1.94 mm\5d-1,年蒸散总量达到 275.36 mm,暖季日蒸散量明显大于冷季。对实际蒸散量与各个主要环境因子的相关性进行了分析,结果可按照相关系数排序:空气温度（T）＞太阳辐射（Ra）＞空气相对湿度（RH）＞风速（u2）。辐射量与实际蒸散量具有较高的线性相关。根据蒸散量与相关环境因子关系分析的结果,建立了适合三江源区域温性草原的蒸散量简化计测公式。     

区域生态系统健康评价指标体系构架——以广东省生态系统健康评价为例

探讨了区域生态系统健康指标选择原则。从区域的河流和陆地两方面确定指标体系,根据生态系统层次性,采用多目标多层次模糊优选模型。以广东省为例,在广东省分生态小区的基础上,对各区的生态环境进行了评价与比较排序,通过综合优属度给出了生态系统健康状态。     

中国县级以上行政边界的特征及其变动趋势

行政边界是行政区划的基本要素之一,是国家依法实施有效行政管理的空间基础和重要依据。本研究采用空间分析、基于格网的多元回归分析等方法,对中国县级以上行政边界的特征及其变动趋势进行了研究。结果表明：当前中国仍基本遵循着山川形便与犬牙相入的政区划界原则,总体呈现出行政级别越高,受山川形便的影响越明显,海拔越低,受犬牙相入的影响越明显的基本特征;现有划界方式容易造成生态分割,引发边界争议,行政管理成本较高等问题,不利于区域经济协调发展;山川河流对全国经济社会发展的影响正在减弱,经济社会发展正在逐渐突破行政边界的限制。在未来行政区划调整的过程中,应适时采取跨山跨河的方式设置行政边界,改变犬牙相入的政区设置方式,更加尊重生态环境的完整性和经济社会发展的实际需求。     

两种密度三溴甲烷分离重矿物效果的对比分析

采用国内目前常用的两种密度三溴甲烷重液(重液1,密度为2.87 g/cm3;重液2,密度为2.80 g/cm3),分别对黄河、长江、珠江等河流以及东海、南海等海区沉积物中的0.063~0.25 mm粒级进行了重矿物分离及对比实验。结果表明,重矿物分离过程中,两种重液的密度均发生了一定程度的变化,其中重液2的密度变化较大且呈整体增加趋势,而重液1密度则较为稳定。比较而言,重液2分离出的重矿物质量分数较重液1的稳定,尤其处理白云石质量分数较高(如长江)的沉积物时,重液2较重液1分离出的重矿物质量分数明显偏高。由于能有效区分方解石和白云石,重液2在分离东海、长江沉积物中的重矿物效果要好于重液1。为使分离出来的重矿物质量分数保持稳定,每次提取完重矿物的剩余重液2需重新配平至密度为2.80 g/cm3。对两种重液分离出来的重矿物质量分数进行了回归分析,结果显示两者有一定的相关性,并可建立一元线性回归方程将两种结果进行粗略转换。由于在重矿物分离过程中,损失的碎屑矿物很低(一般在个样总质量的1%以内),其对重矿物质量分数的影响可忽略不计。     

Hydraulic visibility: Using satellite altimetry to parameterize a hydraulic model of an ungauged reach of a braided river

What hydraulic information can be gained from remotely sensed observations of a river's surface? In this study, we analyze the relationship between river bed undulations and water surfaces for an ungauged reach of the Xingu River, a first‐order tributary of the Amazon river. This braided reach is crosscut more than 10 times by a ENVISAT (ENVironmental SATellite) track that extends over 100 km. Rating curves based on a modeled discharge series and altimetric measurements are used, including the zero‐flow depth Z ₀ parameter, which describes river's bathymetry. River widths are determined from JERS (Japanese Earth Ressources Satellite) images. Hydrodynamic laws predict that irregularities in the geometry of a river bed produce spatial and temporal variations in the water level, as well as in its slope. Observation of these changes is a goal of the Surface Water and Ocean Topography satellite mission, which has a final objective of determining river discharge. First, the concept of hydraulic visibility is introduced, and the seasonality of water surface slope is highlighted along with different flow regimes and reach behaviors. Then, we propose a new single‐thread effective hydraulic approach for modeling braided rivers flows, based on the observation scales of current satellite altimetry. The effective hydraulic model is able to reproduce water surface elevations derived by satellite altimetry, and it shows that hydrodynamical signatures are more visible in areas where the river bed morphology varies significantly and for reaches with strong downstream control. The results of this study suggest that longitudinal variations of the slope might be an interesting criteria for the analysis of river segmentation into elementary reaches for the Surface Water Ocean Topography mission that will provide continuous measurements of the water surface elevations, the slopes, and the reach widths.