中国主要江河径流变化成因定量分析

变化环境下中国主要江河实测径流量发生了较为明显的变化，科学理清径流变化原因是流域水资源评价和管理的重要基础工作。基于中国七大江河代表性水文站1956—2018年的实测径流量资料，诊断了变化环境下水文序列的变异性特征；采用水文模拟途径，定量评估了不同驱动要素对径流变化的影响。结果表明：①淮河、长江和珠江实测径流量变异性特征不明显，相比而言，北方主要江河实测年径流量系列存在较为明显的突变性，但最显著的变异点发生时间存在差异，变异前后降水径流关系发生较大变化。② RCCC-WBM模型能够较好模拟中国南方湿润区和北方干旱区江河天然径流量过程，该模型可以用来还原人类活动影响期间的天然径流量。③总体来看，人类活动对中国北方江河径流量的影响大于气候变化的影响，气候变化是中国淮河及其以南江河径流变化的主要原因。     

藏嵩草高寒湿地中孢粉记录的古植被与古环境状况

高寒沼泽湿地是青藏高原重要的水源涵养地,其沉积物是研究过去环境变化的重要载体.在三江源区果洛州（GLS）和青海湖北岸（QHHS）选取典型高寒沼泽湿地作为研究样地,调查其植被群落特征,并根据湿地沉积剖面的光释光年代和孢粉数据,分析湿地的古植被和古环境状况.结果表明：优势种（藏嵩草）在三江源区湿地群落和青海湖流域湿地群落中所占的优势度分别是24.43和14.74;从土壤孢粉信息表现出两个沼泽湿地自发育以来植被优势种以莎草科为主. GLS剖面显示,0～50 cm深和80～140 cm深的孢粉浓度显著高于50～80 cm深处的浓度;20 cm以下的沉积物中,花粉浓度与有机质含量呈正相关趋势,与δ13C呈负相关趋势.高寒沼泽湿地中,孢粉数据能较好地反映植物群落中莎草科的优势地位,与现生植物群落具有较好的一致性.     

坦噶尼喀湖东北部入湖河流表层沉积物中磷的形态和分布特征

磷是坦噶尼喀湖生态系统中必不可少的营养元素,直接决定湖体初级生产力的高低,进而影响到周边居民对于动物蛋白的获取来源.为了解坦噶尼喀湖磷的外源输入,选择湖泊东北部的入湖河流,对表层沉积物(16个样点)中总磷(TP)和各形态磷含量及其分布特征进行分析,并探讨磷的形态分布特征与土地利用方式之间的相关关系.结果表明,入湖河流沉积物TP含量为73.05~239.94 mg/kg,平均含量为152.64±55.37 mg/kg,其中最高值出现在马拉加拉西河口.采用Psenner法对磷进行连续浸提并比较不同形态磷含量,由高及低依次为铁铝结合态磷(Fe/Al-P)钙结合态磷(CaP)有机磷(Org-P)残渣态磷(Res-P)弱吸附态磷(Labile-P).土地利用类型对TP及各形态磷含量影响较大,其中TP含量表现为河口湿地城镇附近林草地区,表明地表径流和人类活动会对TP含量产生影响,而对于不同形态磷含量,Laible-P、Fe/Al-P、Org-P含量均表现为河口湿地林草地城镇附近,Ca-P、Res-P含量均表现为城镇附近河口湿地林草地.分析沉积物理化性质与各磷形态之间的相关性,发现沉积物总氮(TN)、有机质和总有机碳与Fe/Al-P、LabileP和TP相关性较好,与Org-P、Ca-P和Res-P相关性较差,表明TN和有机质的输入,会伴随沉积物中磷含量的升高,其增量的赋存形态主要为氧化还原敏感态磷和Labile-P.沉积物粒径组成与各磷形态含量存在相关性,细粒径沉积物与各形态磷含量呈显著正相关,粗粒径沉积物与各形态磷呈显著负相关,表明细小颗粒更易吸附磷.     

The effect of El Niño Southern Oscillation cycles on the decadal scale suspended sediment behavior of a coastal dry‐summer subtropical catchment

Rivers display temporal dependence in suspended sediment–water discharge relationships. Although most work has focused on multi‐decadal trends, river sediment behavior often displays sub‐decadal scale fluctuations that have received little attention. The objectives of this study were to identify inter‐annual to decadal scale fluctuations in the suspended sediment–discharge relationship of a dry‐summer subtropical river, infer the mechanisms behind these fluctuations, and examine the role of El Niño Southern Oscillation climate cycles. The Salinas River (California) is a moderate sized (11 000 km²), coastal dry‐summer subtropical catchment with a mean discharge (Q_mean) of 11.6 m³ s^?1. This watershed is located at the northern most extent of the Pacific coastal North America region that experiences increased storm frequency during El Niño years. Event to inter‐annual scale suspended sediment behavior in this system was known to be influenced by antecedent hydrologic conditions, whereby previous hydrologic activity regulates the suspended sediment concentration–water discharge relationship. Fine and sand suspended sediment in the lower Salinas River exhibited persistent, decadal scale periods of positive and negative discharge corrected concentrations. The decadal scale variability in suspended sediment behavior was influenced by inter‐annual to decadal scale fluctuations in hydrologic characteristics, including: elapsed time since small (~0.1 × Q_mean), and moderate (~10 × Q_mean) threshold discharge values, the number of preceding days that low/no flow occurred, and annual water yield. El Niño climatic activity was found to have little effect on decadal‐scale fluctuations in the fine suspended sediment–discharge relationship due to low or no effect on the frequency of moderate to low discharge magnitudes, annual precipitation, and water yield. However, sand concentrations generally increased in El Niño years due to the increased frequency of moderate to high magnitude discharge events, which generally increase sand supply. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国东部主要河流稀土元素地球化学特征

在2007年底至2008年初的枯水期间,系统采集了中国东部流域面积和径流量较大的33条河流沉积物、悬浮颗粒物和水样,采用等离子质谱法、X荧光光谱法等方法测定了14种稀土元素含量以及常量组分和水体pH值等理化指标。研究发现中国河流稀土元素浓度总体高于世界均值,且南方河流沉积物、悬浮物稀土元素含量高于北方河流,南方河流悬浮物态中稀土、重稀土呈现一定程度的相对富集,与我国上地壳稀土丰度和稀土矿产种类的南北分异相吻合。展示了以中国东部泥质岩稀土元素丰度标准化后的稀土配分模式及Ce、Eu异常特征,发现河流沉积物的中、重稀土元素相对富集,悬浮物轻稀土相对富集,溶解相重稀土富集的特征;北方河流溶解相稀土元素浓度明显大于南方河流,且除小清河外,溶解相Eu不同于沉积物与悬浮物而呈强烈的正异常,主要与河水理化性质影响下的稀土分异有关。研究发现小清河等少数河流沉积物中稀土元素为异常高值,经Al标准化处理、计算拟合剩余值后,认为小清河等河流稀土元素已受人为污染的影响。     

第四纪以来塔里木河流域对罗布泊的钾离子输运量

研究塔里木盆地周边河流对罗布泊盐湖的盐分补给,对于研究罗布泊盐湖钾盐物质来源具有重要意义。文章在分析前人对塔里木盆地气候、温度、径流量变化等研究的基础上,分别根据竺可桢近5000年的古温度曲线、青藏高原古里雅冰芯δ¹⁸O记录的古气候变化及六盘山朝那黄土剖面磁化率记录的古温度变化,得出了近5000年、12万年、200万年的温度变化,并根据温度-径流量变化模型,估算了塔里木河流域三源流在研究时段内的径流总量。根据径流总量和河水中的K⁺浓度,估算了第四纪200万年以来塔里木河流域河水对罗布泊钾离子的输运量。     

河湖水系连通特征及其利弊

随着水资源以及水环境健康的恶化,河湖水系连通性作为河流健康以及提高水资源利用的一个重要指标在国家＂十二五＂战略规划中被着重提出。目前,中国对河湖水系连通特征及其对河流健康的影响缺乏足够的认识,本文主要对河湖水系连通的定义、分类、评判指标、影响因素及其对水环境健康的影响进行了一一阐述。分析表明：维持水系连通可以明显地改善...     

漂浮植物修复技术净化城市河湖水体试验研究

阐述了漂浮栽培植物修复系统的技术原理、特点与系统组成, 研究了在该系统中种植美人 蕉和旱伞草2 种植物的生长状况以及这些植物对城市河湖水体中氮、磷等的净化效果。尝试了将 漂浮栽培植物与生物接触氧化技术结合起来, 并研究了植物与生物填料的组合系统对水质的改 善效果。结果表明, 美人蕉和风车草在漂浮植物修复系统对氨氮的去除率均在90%以上, 漂浮栽 培植物与软性填料的组合系统对水中COD_Mn 的去除率达46%以上。     

Tree‐ring records unveil long‐term influence of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation on snowpack dynamics in the Stikine River basin,northern British Columbia

Long hydroclimate records are essential elements for the assessment and management of changing freshwater resources. These records are especially important in transboundary watersheds where international cooperation is required in the joint planning and management process of shared basins. Dendrochronological techniques were used to develop a multicentury record of April 1 snow water equivalent (SWE) for the Stikine River basin in northern British Columbia, Canada, from moisture‐sensitive white spruce (Picea glauca) tree rings. Explaining 43% of the instrumental SWE variability, to our knowledge, this research represents the first attempt to develop long‐term snowpack reconstructions in northern British Columbia. The results indicated that 15 extreme low April 1 SWE events occurred from 1789 to the beginning of the instrumental record in 1974. The reconstruction record also shows that the occurrence of hydrological extremes in the Stikine River basin is characterized by persistent below‐average periods in SWE consistent with phase shifts of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Spectral analyses indicate a very distinct in‐phase (positive) relationship between the multidecadal frequencies of variability (~40 years) extracted from the SWE tree‐ring reconstruction and other reconstructed winter and spring PDO indices. Comparison of the reconstructed SWE record with other tree‐ring‐derived PDO proxy records shows coherence at multidecadal frequencies of variability. The research has significant implications for regional watershed management by highlighting the hydrological response of the Stikine River basin to prior climate changes.     

Understanding the effect of catchment characteristics on suspended sediment dynamics during flood events

Hysteresis in the relationship between suspended sediment concentration and flow during run-off events is commonly used to inform on sediment sources and hydrological pathways. Less attention, however, has been paid to comparing the water and sediment hydrographs, which provide a more direct appreciation of in-event sediment dynamics and their relationship with the upstream catchment characteristics. The aim of this study is to better understand the catchment and hydrological controls on the phasing of water and sediment discharges during events and, in particular, to explore what controls sediment concentrations late on event recessions. Continuous records of flow and turbidity data (calibrated to suspended sediment concentration) were collected from 17 catchments across New Zealand for this purpose. Relationships between event sediment yield and peak flow showed, as anticipated, higher event sediment loads were generated in pasture compared with forested catchments and were also higher from catchments in more erodible terrain. One novel result was that these differences were greater during smaller, more frequent events, whereas the loads from larger flood events tended to converge between pasture and forest catchments. Another novel result was that event sediment load tends to be evenly split between rising and falling stages of the hydrograph in pasture catchments, but forested catchments yield more of their event loads on flood recessions, probably because of delayed erosion or more sediment sources remote from the channel network. Land cover, distance of the sediment sources from the monitoring site, and size of the catchments control sediment concentrations late on event recession. Pasture-dominated and more erodible catchments show longer sediment recessions and therefore stay dirtier for longer time periods. In addition, the size of previous flood events appeared to control the extent of sediment exhaustion after the flood peaks in some catchments.