黄土拉伸试验及其破裂过程仿真分析

Q3黄土的单轴拉伸试验表明,黄土的抗拉强度值很小,在拉张应力作用下会发生突发性的脆性破坏,断裂面粗糙,且基本垂直于拉应力方向。借助数值分析软件RFPA,对黄土的整个拉张破裂过程进行了仿真分析,捕捉到了黄土在拉张应力作用下内部裂纹的扩展与演化过程。结果表明,黄土的拉张破裂过程可以分为两个阶段,即线性变形阶段和裂纹的形成、扩展与贯通阶段。黄土体内部裂纹的萌生、扩展及贯通会在很短时间内完成,即黄土在拉伸应力作用下的破坏是突发性的,属于脆性断裂。单轴拉伸试验结果与数值仿真分析结果具有较好的一致性。     

构造应力场数值模拟在哈密凹陷四道沟地区T_2~k储层裂缝预测中的应用

哈密凹陷位于新疆东部三大板块的结合部位,内部构造复杂。本文利用数值分析方法,模拟了凹陷内四道沟构造Tk2层的构造应力场。结果表明:该层古构造应力分布不均匀,可划分出2个应力集中区、1个应力异常区,其余为正常应力区;根据岩石破裂试验以及构造应力模拟计算结果,制定了该区裂缝的定量评价标准;依据该标准,预测评价出该区的裂缝发育的Ⅱ级区1个、Ⅲ级区2个,其余为裂缝不发育区。     

不同地质条件下隧道洞口仰坡地震破坏特性研究

针对洞口段均质围岩仰坡、含软弱夹层仰坡和桁架梁加固仰坡围岩3种工况,开展大型振动台模型试验,分析隧道洞口段仰坡模型土破坏形态。试验结果表明,均质边坡洞口段模型土在动力作用下坡肩土体先出现张拉裂缝,随着激振加速度增加,坡肩土体局部出现倾倒崩塌,最后沿坡面滑落堆积;含软弱夹层边坡在地震力作用下,仰坡坡脚部位土体挤压破碎,坡顶表面沿软弱夹层位置出现张拉裂缝,上覆土体沿软弱夹层滑动,最后土体大规模崩塌、滑落;洞口段加固边坡在动力作用下基本保持整体稳定,只部分梁格出现了局部的掉块,模型土顶部出现沿隧道轴向的细微裂缝。分析了隧道洞口段衬砌结构破坏形态,试验结果表明均质边坡洞口段AB两段衬砌模型裂缝分布较CD段复杂,认为洞口段地震影响深度为AB两段衬砌的长度,对应于实际工程中40 m;受软弱夹层影响,跨软弱夹层部衬砌模型裂缝形态较复杂;仰坡加固后,洞口段衬砌模型受力改善。研究结果可为山岭隧道洞口段边坡抗减震研究和设计提供参考。     

Mixed mode fracture analysis of semi-circular bend (SCB) specimen: A numerical study based on extended finite element method

Previous studies are mainly concentrated on the use of the semi-circular bend (SCB) specimen for determining the entire mixed-mode I-II fracture toughness of rock, while less attention has been paid to its mixed-mode fracture process. In this situation, this study investigated mixed-mode fracture behavior of the SCB specimen using the extended finite element method (X-FEM). The crack growth trajectory, crack initiation angle and onset of fracture were discussed in detail. This paper is expected to provide a better understanding of mixed-mode fracture process of the SCB specimen occurring during fracture initiation and propagation.     

Contemporary kinematics of the Upper Rhine Graben: A 3D finite element approach

The Upper Rhine Graben (URG), a Cenozoic intra-plate rift situated in the Alpine foreland, is presently characterised by relative slow tectonic deformation and low to medium seismicity. Concurrently, it is a region with a significant amount of ongoing subsidence in two recent depocentres (0.1 to 0.2 mm/a geological, 1 mm/a geodetical rate). In this paper, the recent kinematic behaviour of the URG is simulated using a 3D finite element model, containing three lithospheric layers (upper mantle, lower crust and upper crust) with different rheological properties. First order fault structures (e.g. border faults) are implemented as frictional contact surfaces within the upper crustal layer. The stresses generated by applying lateral displacements over a time period of 10 ka are insufficient to obtain a match between predicted and observed stress magnitudes. Therefore, a technique of “combined pre-stressing” has been developed to avoid unrealistic deformation and unrealistic stress magnitudes within the model. The stress magnitudes and stress directions predicted are calibrated against in-situ stress measurements and stress indicator data. For benchmarking of the modelling results, the vertical surface displacements predicted are compared to surface uplift derived from geological and geomorphological data. Furthermore, predicted fault slip rates are compared to available geological and geodetical data. Parameters derived from the calculated stress tensor, such as fracture potential and the regime stress ratio are also analysed in order to describe the possible kinematic behaviour of the URG. The modelling results suggest that the URG is currently being reactivated as a sinistral strike–slip system with the central segment of the URG forming a restraining bend and the two recent depocentres situated in releasing bend settings. The modelling results suggest that both sinistral shearing and mantle uplift are active mechanisms driving the recent kinematics of the URG and that the recent subsidence within the two depocentres is re-enforced by ongoing mantle uplift additionally.     

复杂性颌面外伤的三维CT诊断

本文用３Ｄ９８软件对２２例复杂性颌面外伤常规ＣＴ扫描数据进行三维ＣＴ重建，讨论了三维ＣＴ诊断颌面外伤的优越性，提出尽管三维ＣＴ在骨折探测方面不及二维ＣＴ，但三维ＣＴ在评价骨折的形态，范围，骨折块移位及骨折所致的面部畸形方面优于常规ＣＴ，它是对二维ＣＴ的重要     

阜康矿区煤的孔隙与裂隙特征

煤的孔隙与裂隙是煤层气赋存的空间也是煤层气运移和产出的通道。在新疆阜康矿区三工、建江等7对矿井巷道煤层裂隙观测统计的基础上,采用宏观煤岩分析、显微煤岩分析、压汞实验与煤的孔隙结构分析等方法,研究阜康矿区煤层孔隙与裂隙特性,评价煤层气赋存特征与渗透性。结果表明：阜康矿区煤层孔隙发育以微孔和小孔为主,孔容和比表面积较大,有利于煤层气的吸附和解吸;裂隙发育具有非均质性,矿区西部裂隙最为发育,东部次之,中部不发育;煤岩组分中镜质组的增加会使微小孔增多,有利于煤层气的吸附;中孔孔容对孔隙度具有控制作用;阜康矿区煤层的孔隙率随着镜质体反射率的增大呈增大的趋势。研究结果对新疆阜康矿区煤层气的勘探开发具有一定的理论指导意义。     

松辽盆地中浅层幕式排烃与断距增长耦合

超压盆地幕式排烃作用是盆地流体研究中热点问题,而源岩内排烃生长断层的报道很少.研究表明松辽盆地凹陷中央主力烃源岩青山口组发育排烃生长断层,这些浅层生长断层形成于嫩江组末期至明水组末期.这种排烃生长断层的形成机制是幕式排烃过程中由于"泵压效应"使含烃流体从源岩向储集层注入的结果.当源岩过剩压力达到源岩破裂极限时,源岩发生断裂或使原有断层再次开启增长,含烃流体发生向下或向上部储层的排烃作用,随着烃类的排出,过剩压力不断减小,排烃过程趋于停止伴随超压流体释放,研究区呈现向下排烃、向上排烃和上下双向排烃3种样式,由于这一排烃过程是多次出现的,随着多次反复的排烃,排烃断层的断距也不断增长,导致排烃期与断层断距增长具有良好的耦合关系,研究成果为超压封存箱上下层油气勘探提供了新的思路.     

沁水盆地煤样静水压力下渗透率实验及模型分析

为研究沁水盆地煤样渗透率演化规律,构建了煤样渗透率测定的瞬态压力脉冲法实验装置,使用N2和CO2在实验室开展了3种试验条件的渗透率测定,应用Connell模型对实验结果进行分析,并讨论了模型预测值和实验值之间差别的原因。结果表明,（1）在恒定孔压变围压条件下渗透率随有效应力增大而减小;在等有效应力条件下,渗透率随孔压增大而减少;在恒定围压变孔压条件下,随孔压增大,渗透率呈先减小后变大的趋势。（2）运用Connell模型预测的恒定围压变孔压条件的渗透率值大于实验值,原因可能是由于裂隙压缩性系数和吸附应变系数存在估计误差。通过开展实验室渗透率实验和模型分析,对指导实验室内二氧化碳封存和气体驱替实验及其模拟研究具有借鉴意义。