博格达上大河沿岩体铷-锶同位素年龄及其地质意义

博格达造山带是上古生代裂谷带,于石炭纪末闭合。该带的侵入活动主要表现为大量辉绿岩岩床、岩墙和岩株,并有零星分布的闪长岩和花岗岩岩体。上大河沿侵入体一组矿物岩石样品的ＲｂＳｒ 等时线测定获得其年龄为２９８．４±０．７６ Ｍａ 和８７ Ｓｒ８６ Ｓｒ 初始比０．７０４１。结合野外证据,表明博格达山的大部分侵入岩定位于海西旋回,且是裂谷闭合后初始拉张阶段的产物,同时表明该带海西期以后的侵入活动并不重要。     

“3S”技术在沿河生态环境建设中的应用

以卫星遥感(RS)为主要信息源、以地理信息系统(GIS)为技术支撑,全球定位系统(GPs)为辅助,集县农业资源区划多年研究成果,建立县域一级农业资源生态环境遥感及信息系统。运用ETM卫星遥感信息源,提取8大类土地信息,并以新景河流域为例,应用该信息系统对其生态环境进行模拟分析、评价,提出科学决策意见。     

2011年10月16日新疆精河县5.0级地震震害特征及原因

2011年10月16日新疆精河县5.0级地震震中位于博尔塔拉蒙古自治州精河县托里乡境内,极震区震中烈度为Ⅵ度.震害调查显示,灾区房屋主要以老旧的土坯房为主,地震使本身老旧的房屋裂缝加宽,破坏加重.其次,灾区房屋震害还具有明显的南北差异特性,场地条件差异是造成距离震中较远的部分房屋破坏较重的主要原因之一.     

Comparative analysis of baseflow characteristics of two Andean catchments,Ecuador

Baseflow in the Andes is commonly considered to be related with the release of water stored in páramos. Páramo is the predominant ecosystem above 3500 m a.s.l. and is characterized by a rainy and cold climate with low evapotranspiration. However, this baseflow concept is based on hydrological process studies in small Andean catchments of a few square kilometre with a homogeneous land cover. Middle‐sized Andean catchments, like the subcatchments of Tarqui and Yanuncay, Ecuador, are rarely homogeneous or uniformly covered by páramo. The objectives of this study are therefore to investigate baseflow characteristics in heterogeneous Andean catchments and to identify relationships between baseflow processes and physical characteristics such as storage and recharge. Hereby, the contribution to baseflow of páramo and other sources such as alluvial aquifers is quantified. This study uses nonlinear recession analysis, physically based filters and digital filters for comparison of baseflow of neighbouring but distinct subcatchments. The Yanuncay subcatchment shows a clearly different storage capacity and recession. The storage capacity of Yanuncay is 50% higher than for Tarqui because of its higher coverage of páramo. On the other hand, considerable storage capacity has also been found in the Tarqui subcatchment, which has a limited páramo area but a significant alluvial aquifer. It is shown that improved understanding of the specific baseflow characteristics such as storage and recharge and its relationships to the heterogeneity of the land cover in Andean catchments will lead to a better assessment of the water resources and give new insights for effective management actions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the hydrological difference between catchments above and below the intermittent-persistent snow transition

Because of the importance of snow for river discharge in mountain regions, hydrological research often focuses on seasonally snow-covered zones. However, in many basins the majority of the land surface area is intermittently snow-covered. Discharge monitoring in these areas is less common, so their contributions to downstream rivers remain largely unknown. We evaluated hydrological differences between three intermittently snow-covered (mean annual Jan 1–Jul 3 snow persistence <60%) and two seasonally snow-covered headwater catchments in the Colorado Front Range. We compared water balance variables to evaluate how and why discharge differs between the snow zones and estimated the relative contributions from each snow zone to regional river discharge. We focused on water years 2016–2019 and used a combination of in situ sensors and regional climate datasets. Annual discharge from the intermittent snow zone was low for all three catchments (10–77 mm), despite covering a wide range in annual snow persistence (25%–64%), whereas annual discharge from the seasonal snow zone was up to 73 times higher. Soil moisture in the seasonal snow zone was above field capacity for longer periods of time than in the intermittent snow zone, and the intermittent snow zone was uniquely subject to soil freezing (up to 102 days per year). For most of the year, potential evapotranspiration exceeded rainfall and snowmelt inputs in the intermittent snow zone, but was lower than rainfall and snowmelt inputs in the seasonal snow zone. This is likely a primary driver of the differences in soil moisture and discharge for catchments with a seasonal versus intermittent snow cover. Despite the large difference in discharge between these two snow zones, the intermittent snow zone contributed about a quarter of the discharge in the regional river, highlighting the importance of studying discharge generation across all elevations.     

峡谷地带测量施工控制网布设

本文利用实例介绍峡谷河流水电站施工控制网的布设及作业方法。在带状及高差大地区注意本测区外业观测时间段,可以取得好的成果。     

昆明市东川区城市后山地区泥石流特征及防治

通过系统地对城市后山地区主要泥石流沟特征的分析,科学地选取治理工程措施,基本达到有效控制深沟泥石流物源的运移,减轻或消弱其它各沟泥石流危害的防治目标。通过削弱泥石流灾害的发育、发展,从而减轻地质灾害对东川市城区的威胁。     

中国山地环境气象研究进展

中国山地环境气象学是研究中国山地与大气、自然环境之间相互作用的一门交叉学科.近数十年来,中国山地环境气象研究进展迅速.1960年以来,大气物理研究所多次参加中国科学院组织的山地综合科学考察,多学科的相互交叉促进了中国山地环境气象的研究,特别是在珠穆朗玛峰、天山托木尔峰和横断山脉山地环境气象、雅鲁藏布大峡谷环境气象研究等方面进展较快.为监测全球环境气象变化,中国气象局在青藏高原上设立了环境气象监测站.此外,在利用臭氧卫星资料研究青藏高原与臭氧分布、准两年振荡(QBO)信号、ENSO信号的关系方面也颇有进展.     

Estimating source regions for snowmelt runoff in a Rocky Mountain basin: tests of a data‐based conceptual modeling approach

In many mountain basins, river discharge measurements are located far away from runoff source areas. This study tests whether a basic snowmelt runoff conceptual model can be used to estimate relative contributions of different elevation zones to basin‐scale discharge in the Cache la Poudre, a snowmelt‐dominated Rocky Mountain river. Model tests evaluate scenarios that vary model configuration, input variables, and parameter values to determine how these factors affect discharge simulation and the distribution of runoff generation with elevation. Results show that the model simulates basin discharge well (NSCE and R >0.90) when input precipitation and temperature are distributed with different lapse rates, with a rain‐snow threshold parameter between 0 and 3.3 °C, and with a melt rate parameter between 2 and 4 mm °C^?1 d^?1 because these variables and parameters can have compensating interactions with each other and with the runoff coefficient parameter. Only the hydrograph recession parameter can be uniquely defined with this model structure. These non‐unique model scenarios with different configurations, input variables, and parameter values all indicate that the majority of basin discharge comes from elevations above 2900 m, or less than 25% of the basin total area, with a steep increase in runoff generation above 2600 m. However, the simulations produce unrealistically low runoff ratios for elevations above 3000 m, highlighting the need for additional measurements of snow and discharge at under‐sampled elevations to evaluate the accuracy of simulated snow and runoff patterns. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.