土钉墙面层位移和内力的计算分析

面层对于土钉墙的稳定以及通过土钉把土压力传递到稳定的土体中去具有非常重要的意义。土钉墙面层承受一定比例的水土压力已是不争的事实,然而,在目前的土钉墙设计中往往把面层按照构造进行配筋而不作计算,因此设计中没有体现到面层应有的作用。对土钉墙面层的受力情况进行了简化分析,把面层看作是文克尔地基上的有限长梁,将土钉作为作用在面层上的集中力系,得到了土钉墙面层位移和内力的解析解。计算结果表明,面层位移的最大值不在坡顶,而是在坡顶靠下的位置,其位置随着基坑开挖深度的增加而下移,呈现出中间大两头小的变化规律,与实测结果较为相近;位移的大小对土体的内摩擦角和黏聚力较为敏感,因此在基坑开挖过程中应做好降水工作,以防止水渗透到土体中,降低土体的物理力学性质指标。解析解也揭示了土钉墙面层内的弯矩和土压力的分布特征：面层内的弯矩随着基坑深度的增加而增加,但靠坡顶增加平缓,而在坑底稍上弯矩曲线斜率增大,同时达到最大值,且呈现出中间大两边小的现象,而靠近坑底的位置渐渐演变成为负弯矩,其原因是坑底被动区面层上作用有较大的被动土压力;而面层内的土压力分布性状与位移具有相似的分布规律和性状特征。以严谨的弹性力学理论为基础提供了研究土钉墙的实用方法,得到的结论为土钉墙的设计提供参考,并加深对土钉墙支护结构的理解和认识。     

扩展简化Bishop法的取矩中心对安全系数的影响

扩展简化Bishop法的提出,为非圆弧滑面安全系数的求解提供了一个简便的途径。然而,在建立滑体总体力矩平衡方程时选择不同的取矩中心会得到不同的计算结果,这在某种程度上限制了该法的应用推广。为此,针对不同类型的滑面（组合滑面、折线滑面）,较为系统地研究了取矩中心对安全系数的影响规律,并提出了确定取矩中心的原则。算例分析表明：无论哪种类型的滑面,只要选择合适的取矩中心扩展简化Bishop法便可得到与严格法（Morgenstern-price法）相当的计算精度,且该法数值计算简便,具有较高的实用价值。     

Application of MPA to estimate probability of collapse of structures

This paper develops a modal pushover analysis‐ (MPA) based approximate procedure to quantify the collapse potential of structural systems. The computationally demanding incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) of the structural system is avoided by MPA of the structure in conjunction with empirical equations for the collapse strength ratio for the first‐mode single‐degree‐of‐freedom (SDF) system; higher modes of vibration play essentially no role in estimating the ground motion intensity required to cause collapse of the structure. Presented are collapse fragility curves for 6‐, 9‐, and 20‐story regular special moment‐resisting teel frames computed by the exact and approximate procedures, demonstrating that the MPA‐based approximate procedure requires only a small fraction (1% in one example) of the computational effort inherent in exact IDA and still achieves highly accurate results. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

考虑历史洪水资料的期望概率权重矩法参数估计统计试验研究

为有效利用历史洪水资料,提高洪水资料系列参数的估计精度,研究期望概率权重矩法在广义极值分布参数估计中的应用。采用蒙特卡洛试验研究期望概率权重矩法的统计特性,并与部分概率权重矩法做比较。结果表明:期望概率权重矩法具有良好的稳定统计特性,并且是具有历史洪水资料系列进行参数估计的一种简单、稳定和有效的参数估计方法,具有推广意义。     

Rifting Attractor Structures in the Baikal Rift System: Location and Effects

The current geodynamics and tectonophysics of the Baikal rift system (BRS) as recorded in lithospheric stress and strain are discussed in the context of self organization of nonlinear dissipative dynamic systems and nonlinear media. The regional strain field inferred from instrumental seismic moment and fault radius data for almost 70,000 M_LH ⩾ 2.0 events of 1968 through 1994 shows a complex pattern with zones of high strain anisotropy in the central part and both flanks of the rift system (the South Baikal, Hovsgöl, and Muya rift basins, respectively). The three zones of local strain anisotropy highs coincide with domains of predominantly vertical stress where earthquakes of different magnitudes are mostly of normal slip geometry. Pulse-like reversals of principal stresses in the high-strain domains appear to be nonlinear responses of the system to subcrustal processes. In this respect, the BRS lithosphere is interpreted in terms of the self organization theory as a geological dissipative system. Correspondingly, the domains of high strain anisotropy and stress change, called rifting attractor structures (RAS), are the driving forces of its evolution. The location and nonlinear dynamics of the rifting attractors have controlled lithospheric stress and strain of the rift system over the period of observations, and the same scenario may have been valid also in the Mesozoic-Cenozoic rifting history. The suggested model of a positive-feedback (fire-like) evolution of nonlinear dynamical systems with rifting attractors opens a new perspective on the current geodynamics and tectonophysics of the Baikal rift system.     

一元p-范分布的参数估计

应用矩估计法，在观测为误差单峰、对称的情况下，得到了一元p-范分布在不同情况下参数的计算公式。详细推导了一元p-范分布极大似然方程的解算公式，将矩估计法应用到极大似然平差的参数估计理论中，得到了一个比较好的算法，最后用两个算例说明了此方法的优越性。     

NIED seismic moment tensor catalogue for regional earthquakes around Japan: quality test and application

We have examined the quality of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED) seismic moment tensor (MT) catalogue obtained using a regional broadband seismic network (FREESIA). First, we examined using synthetic waveforms the robustness of the solutions with regard to data noise as well as to errors in the velocity structure and focal location. Then, to estimate the reliability, robustness and validity of the catalogue, we compared it with the Harvard centroid moment tensor (CMT) catalogue as well as the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) focal mechanism catalogue. We found out that the NIED catalogue is consistent with Harvard and JMA catalogues within the uncertainty of 0.1 in moment magnitude, 10 km in depth, and 15° in direction of the stress axes. The NIED MT catalogue succeeded in reducing to 3.5 the lower limit of moment magnitude above which the moment tensor could be reliably estimated. Finally, we estimated the stress tensors in several different regions by using the NIED MT catalogue. This enables us to elucidate the stress/deformation field in and around the Japanese islands to understand the mode of deformation and applied stress. Moreover, we identified a region of abnormal stress in a swarm area from stress tensor estimates.     

基于微震信息的硬岩新生破裂面方位特征矩张量分析

为了更清晰直观地了解高应力下硬岩破坏（岩爆、片帮、应力型塌方等）孕育过程中岩石破裂演化过程,根据岩石破裂面的特点,依据微震监测数据的矩张量结果,推导并得到了岩体破裂面空间方位计算方法,在此基础上给出了根据运动夹角? 来判断岩石破裂类型的确定方法。借助此方法,在实例研究中进一步证明了深埋隧洞矩张量分解判断破裂类型分析方法的可靠性。依托锦屏二级水电站深埋引水隧洞这一典型工程,依据破裂面的方位角、倾角特征和岩爆宏观破坏情况,初步探究了即时性应变-结构面滑移型岩爆的孕育过程：在岩爆孕育初期,以张拉破裂为主,由于硬性结构面的存在,在开挖扰动应力调整初期,破裂面由岩体浅层往岩体较深层硬性结构面扩展,张拉破裂面尖端接近硬性结构面时,硬性结构面上发生剪切滑移,若较深层岩体内部还有其他硬性结构面存在,则在该硬性结构面尖端,除随着岩体浅层切向应力的持续增大,往开挖面扩展外,继续以张拉破裂面型式往深层扩展,至较深层硬性结构面上剪切破裂产生,最终以剪切滑移面为破坏面边界往开挖面发展,并最终将岩体抛掷而出。     

Earthquake magnitude or seismic moment in seismic hazard evaluation?

Seismic hazard analysis requires the estimation of the probabilities that earthquakes will take place within a region of interest, and the expected level of ground motion which will be received at a site during the nextt years. The earthquake magnitude has been used as a basic parameter, because it is available, under the assumption that the earthquake occurrence is a compound Poisson process with exponential or multinomial distribution of magnitude.For improving the hazard prediction, we used the seismic moment as a basic parameter to estimate the mean rate, , of occurrence of earthquakes in a function of seismic moment rate and slip rate released in a seismogenic region.As an illustration of the model, the seismic hazard analysis at different sites in and around the Gulf of Corinth, central Greece, is presented on the basis of the earthquake magnitude and the seismic moment. Comparison of the results shows that determination of the mean rate of earthquake occurrence, using the conventional Gutenberg-Richter recurrence model, underestimates the seismic hazard at a site.     

滇池固化淤泥重塑土的重塑时机及强度恢复特性试验

采用无侧限抗压强度试验和直剪试验,从单轴抗压强度、黏聚力、内摩擦角的角度探求了淤泥固化土重塑时导致的强度折减和重塑后土的强度恢复特性,并分析了重塑前养护龄期（T_前）、重塑后养护龄期（T_后）、水泥掺灰比（a_c）的影响。试验结果表明,重塑时机的选择对淤泥固化土的强度折减程度有显著的影响：T_前越长,破碎过程带来的强度折减越严重,且大致满足a_c越大、强度折减越严重的规律。从强度恢复特性来看：小水泥掺灰比的固化淤泥土经过T_后,其强度恢复较好;大掺灰比的重塑土其强度则较难恢复至固化土的水平,T_前越长,强度恢复越不利。从而得出了大掺灰比固化土宜早重塑,小掺灰比的重塑时间可适当延长的规律。