基于MODIS数据的增强型土壤表层水分含量指数模型构造与应用

土壤水分含量对光谱变化的影响和植被冠层的光谱反射率是干旱最重要和最直接的指标.根据水的吸收率光谱变化特征和绿色植物有效光谱响应特征曲线,在前期提出的地表含水量指数(SWCI)的基础上,增加MO-DIS通道1的红光光谱,以增强植被对光谱吸收的变化反应,可应用于大范围且快速的浅层土壤墒情遥感监测.通过与土壤表层水分含量指数(SWCI)对比分析发现,在对浅层(0～30 cm)土壤水分进行监测时,ESWCI比SWCI更为敏感,这将有助于在实时干旱动态监测中更好地提高监测精度.     

山区地形效应对微波辐射特征与土壤水分反演的影响—以青藏高原地区为例

采用星载微波辐射计AMSR-E的低频C波段(6.925GHz),改进了山区微波辐射传输方程,以中国青藏高原地区为例,研究山区可能产生的多种地形效应对微波辐射特征以及土壤水分反演的影响。结果表明,地形效应使得垂直极化亮温最多衰减达到16K,水平极化的亮温最大增强了18K,土壤水分在地形的影响下将被高估超过最大允许误差4%。最后,利用地形效应模拟模型计算的山区地表有效发射率,为山区土壤水分的反演提出了可行的地形校正方法。     

从MODIS资料提取土壤湿度信息的主成分分析方法

沿袭了遥感地物分类中K-L变换思想, 以归一化处理后的遥感数据, 结合地面土壤湿度观测数据, 应用主成分分析方法, 采用MODIS不同红外波段数据, 通过相关关系计算, 在监测结果中融合MODIS具有250 m分辨率的第2波段数据, 建立了青海省多维特征空间土壤湿度监测模型。模型的建立克服了热惯量法监测干旱需多时相遥感数据的缺陷, 经初步检验, 此模型可以在一定精度范围之内监测表层土壤湿度, 具有业务应用潜力。     

Comparisons of Simulations of Soil Moisture Variations in the Yellow River Basin Driven by Various Atmospheric Forcing Data Sets

Based on station observations, The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts reanalysis (ERA40), the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis and Princeton University's global meteorological forcing data set (Princeton), four atmospheric forcing fields were constructed for use in driving the Community Land Model version 3.5 (CLM3.5). Simulated soil moisture content throughout the period 1951-2000 in the Yellow River basin was vali...     

A Study on Water Vapor Transport and Budget of Heavy Rain in Northeast China

The characteristics of moisture transport and budget of widespread heavy rain and local heavy rain events in Northeast China are studied using the NCEP--NCAR reanalysis 6-hourly and daily data and daily precipitation data of 200 stations in Northeast China from 1961--2005. The results demonstrate that during periods with widespread heavy rain in Northeast China, the Asian monsoon is very active and the monsoonal northward moisture transport is strengthened significantly. The widespread heavy rainfall obtains enhanced water vapor supply from large regions where the water vapor mainly originates from the Asian monsoon areas, which include the East Asian subtropical monsoon area, the South China Sea, and the southeast and southwest tropical monsoon regions. There are several branches of monsoonal moisture current converging on East China and its coastal areas, where they are strengthened and then continue northward into Northeast China. Thus, the enhanced northward monsoonal moisture transport is the key to the widespread heavy rain in Northeast China. In contrast, local heavy rainfall in Northeast China derives water vapor from limited areas, transported by the westerlies. Local evaporation also plays an important role in the water vapor supply and local recycling process of moisture. In short, the widespread heavy rains of Northeast China are mainly caused by water vapor advection brought by the Asian monsoon, whereas local heavy rainfall is mainly caused by the convergence of the westerly wind field.     

2007年淮河流域暴雨期间大气环流特征分析

利用NCAR/NCEP再分析资料及国家气象信息中心30年气候平均降水资料,通过动力诊断与分析手段研究了2007年6—7月发生在我国淮河流域的暴雨。结果表明,淮河流域的环流垂直结构和降水有着非常好的对应关系。暴雨期间,鄂霍茨克海阻高与乌拉尔山阻高这种双阻高形势对于淮河流域的持续降水提供了很好的条件;南亚高压高层(200 hPa)基本为正散度区,低层(850 hPa)为负散度区,上下层强烈的抽吸结构对暴雨的发生也是非常有利的条件,同时,在淮河暴雨期问,南亚高压(200 hPa)与500 hPa西太平洋副热带高压有着相向而行的移动路径;位涡对于分析冷空气的活动,有着比较清晰的意义,暴雨发生前,有明显的正位涡异常从高纬度向低纬度伸展。大气非绝热加热分析结果显示,视热源和视水汽汇两者的高值中心与相应时段暴雨中心位置一致。     

A Study on Parameterization of Surface Albedo over Grassland Surface in the Northern Tibetan Plateau

The relationship of surface albedo with the solar altitude angle and soil moisture is analyzed based on two-year (January 2002 to December 2003) observational data from the AWS (Automatic Weather Station) at MS3478 in the northern Tibetan Plateau during the experimental period of CEOP/CAMP-Tibet (Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period Asia-Australia Monsoon Project on the Tibetan Plateau). As a double-variable (solar altitude angle and soil moisture) function, surface albedo varies inconspicuously with any single factor. By using the method of approximately separating the double-variable function into two, one-factor functions (product and addition), the relationship of albedo with these two factors presents much better. The product and additional empirical formulae of albedo are then preliminarily fitted based on long-term experimental data. By comparison with observed values, it is found that the parameterization formulae fitted by using observational data are mostly reliable and their correlation coefficients are both over 0.6. The empirical formulae of albedo though, for the northern Tibetan Plateau, need to be tested by much more representative observational data with the help of numerical models and the retrieval of remote sensing data. It is practical until it is changed into effective parameterization formulae representing a grid scale in models.     

中国区域多源土壤湿度数据的比较研究

利用中国区域1992~2010年的土壤湿度观测资料,对欧洲航天局(European Space Agency)的卫星遥感反演(以下简称ESA)和欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre of Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)的ERA-Interim(ECMWF Reanalysis-Interim,以下简称ERA)两套再分析土壤湿度数据在典型区域的可靠性进行了评估。结果表明:两种土壤湿度均能较好的描述观测区域的总体土壤干湿变化,但均值和趋势一致性存在时间和空间差异。ESA、ERA资料都能较好的描述中国区域春、夏、秋3个季节土壤湿度的干、湿分布格局。在干湿程度上,ESA在北方地区较观测偏干,在江淮和西南较观测偏湿;ERA在北方和西南地区较观测偏湿,在江淮较观测偏干;在江淮、华北部分区域,ERA与观测数据的相关性要高于ESA。ESA、ERA与观测在秋季时相关性最好(大部分站点大于0.7);在全国大部分区域,ESA偏差要小于ERA且在大部分地区都表现出与观测一致的变化趋势。在空间上,ERA在东北、华北、西南变干的范围明显大于观测;然而,ERA能更好的体现观测土壤湿度的年际变化。相对于西部地区,东部地区ERA与观测的一致性最好,而ESA在受降水、植被、地形等因素影响较小的时段或区域与观测的一致性更好,对秋季土壤湿度的描述比春、夏季更准确。     

藏北地区近地层大气和土壤特征量分析

利用"全球协调加强观测期亚澳季风青藏高原试验研究(CAMP/Tibet)"4个台站2003年大气和土壤的观测资料,详细分析了藏北高原不同下垫面上的气温、相对湿度、土壤温度、土壤湿度等的季节变化及年变化特征。近地层大气各气象要素变化剧烈;4个站气温高低的差异显示了纬度和高度的明显影响;各站冻土冻融过程存在地域差别,尤其是春季冻结消融阶段的持续时间相差可达1个月;土壤质地的差别对土壤湿度影响也较大,黏土土壤含水量要高些,粉土和砂土要低些。     

Splash detachment of sand particles under varying contact stress field of wind-driven raindrop impact

The effects of wind-driven rain (WDR) on sand detachment were studied under various raindrop obliquities. Results suggested a significant reduction in compressive stress on sand surfaces for a two-dimensional experimental set-up in a wind tunnel. During experiments, sand particles in splash cups were exposed to both wind-free rain (WFR) and WDR driven by horizontal winds of 6.4, 8.9 and 12.8 m s⁻¹ and rainfall intensities of 50, 60, 75 and 90-mm h⁻¹ to assess the sand detachment rate (D, in g m⁻² s⁻¹). The effects of sand moisture state (dry and wet) on the detachment of different-sized particles (0.20–0.50 and 0.50–2.00 mm, respectively) were also tested. Factorial analysis of variance showed that shear and compressive stress components evaluated by horizontal and vertical kinetic energy flux terms (KE_x and KE_y, respectively, in J m⁻² s⁻¹) along with their vector sum (KE_r, in J m⁻² s⁻¹) explained the variation in D. Neither sand size nor sand moisture was statistically significant alone although binary interactions of KE_r, KE_x and KE_y with the sand size and three-way interaction of KE_x, sand size and moisture were statistically significant. These results can be explained by size-dependent variation in sand compressibility and surface friction related to the total stress field developed by a given partition of shear and compressive stresses of wind-driven oblique raindrops (KE_x/KE_y). Further analysis of the variation of the unit sand detachment rate (D_u = D/KE_r = g J⁻¹) with rain inclination (α, in degrees) better revealed the effect of WDR obliquity on D_u that further changed with sand size class and moisture state. Finally, the difference in the resulting stress field differentiable by the oblique raindrop trajectories of the experiment over sand surface significantly affected the non-cohesive particle detachment rates, to some extent interacted with size-dependent compressibility and interface shear strength of sand grains.