Sea-surface acoustic backscattering measurement at 6–25 kHz in the Yellow Sea

Sea-surface acoustic backscattering measurements at moderate to high frequencies were performed in the shallow water of the south Yellow Sea, using omnidirectional spherical sources and omnidirectional hydrophones. Sea-surface backscattering data for frequencies in the 6–25 k Hz range and wind speeds of(3.0±0.5)and(4.5±1.0) m/s were obtained from two adjacent experimental sites, respectively. Computation of sea-surface backscattering strength using bistatic transducer is described. Finally, we calculated sea-surface backscattering strengths at grazing angles in the range of 16°–85°. We find that the measured backscattering strengths agree reasonably well with those predicted by using second order small-roughness perturbation approximation method with "PM" roughness spectrum for all frequencies at grazing angles ranged from 40° to 80°. The backscattering strengths varied slightly at grazing angles of 16°–40°, and were much stronger than roughness scattering. It is speculated that scattering from bubbles dominates the backscattering strengths at high wind speeds and small grazing angles. At the same frequencies and moderate to high grazing angles, the results show that the backscattering strengths at a wind speed of(4.5±1.0) m/s were approximately 5 d B higher than those at a wind speed of(3.0±0.5) m/s. However, the discrepancies of backscattering strength at low grazing angles were more than 10 d B. Furthermore the backscattering strengths exhibited no significant frequency dependence at 3 m/s wind speed. At a wind speed of 4.5 m/s, the scattering strengths increased at low grazing angles but decreased at high grazing angles with increasing grazing angle.     

应用MODIS影像估测太湖水体悬浮物浓度

以太湖为研究区域,同步获取悬浮物浓度实测数据、水体反射光谱数据和MODIS卫星影像数据,构建基于中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)的悬浮物遥感估测模型.为了削弱大气效应,对MODIS影像了进行了粗略大气纠正.通过悬浮物特征光谱分析,将MODIS各敏感波段及波段组合与悬浮物浓度实测值进行相关分析,并应用实测光谱数据进行验证.在此基础上,运用回归分析建立半经验反演模型,并对模型进行了评价和应用.研究结果表明,MODIS影像可以很好地对大型内陆湖泊的悬浮物浓度进行遥感估测.250 m波段2 500 m波段4与1 000 m波段14是探测悬浮物的敏感波段.波段组合上,500 m组合因子r4/r3、r4-r3估测悬浮物含量的精度很高,适于构建反演模型;1 000 m波段8、11、131、4的多元组合也是构建模型的较好选择(R2均不低于0.85).     

强震孕育过程中区域地震活动演化与活动地块的关系

通过对中国大陆及邻区4个Ⅰ级活动地块中1972—2003年全部地震资料的系统分析,认为强震中期阶段典型的地震活动演化图像是中等地震聚集活动,震前震中区附近的地震密度和有效速率增高。文中用中等地震增长率来刻划强震孕育过程中中等地震活动的加速增长,结果表明:中等地震聚集活动密度的增长率能够较好地反映强震前中期异常变化特征,对各活动地块的分析表明华北地块中等地震增长率达到180%以上时,未来1～3a中等地震异常聚集区及其附近会发生强震;而西域、青藏和滇缅地块中等地震增长率达到250%以上时,应注意中等地震异常聚集区及其附近强震的发生。因此,中等地震增长率可以作为中期预报的定量化指标     

论陕北煤炭资源的适度开发问题

陕北地区煤炭资源丰富，但地下水资源短缺，生态环境脆弱，煤炭开发的环境效应明显，大规模开发容易引发许多环境问题，因此作好与煤炭开发有关的多学科综合研究工作，对全陕北地区煤炭开发进行总体规划，选择适度的开发规模，是保证陕北地区煤炭资源开发持续健康发展的重要基础。     

辽东半岛南部及东侧海域地震危险性分析

本文对辽东半岛南部及东侧海域的地震活动背景及特征作了分析。研究结果表明未来该区周围有发生中强地震的危险性。该区位于华北强震二维破裂网格分布的结构点附近、中强地震带空段的交汇部位;发生在1988年辽宁及其邻区有两条4级地震条带在其附近交汇;本区还存在着地震活动空区、空带和低b值异常;全国地震综合预报专家系统和综合模式识别两种方法确定该区为全国Ⅱ类地震危险区;极值分析结果也表明该区周围处于缺震状态,5—6级地震具有较高的发震概率。     

云南及邻区中强震连发和平静与强震关系研究

系统研究了1925年以来云南及邻区5级以上地震的时间分布特征, 分别给出了云南及邻区5级以上地震连发和平静的定义。 分析了中强震连发、 平静的一些基本特征, 研究了5级以上地震连发、 平静事件与该区强震活跃、 平静过程的关系。 这些分析结果对云南及邻区的地震趋势预测有一定实际意义。     

川滇地区强震孕育过程中的中等地震动态演化特征

引用有关地震活动的频度面积S值方法^[1],对川滇地区1970年以来6．7级以上强震前后的中等地震活动进行研究,发现强震的S值在震前和震后的异常变化特征既有共性又有个性。共性主要表现为：在震前S值异常为高值或低值异常,震后下降或上升;对特定区域研究发现,滇西南地区强震的孕震区中等地震活动的S值震前异常主要为高值,而滇西地区强震孕震区中等地震活动的S值震前异常主要表现为低值。表明对川滇地区强震孕震区中等地震活动的频度面积S值方法的动态追踪,利用其变化规律可以为强震的预测预报提供一定的判定指标。     

山西中部中等地震前地震波异常特征

以山西太原遥测台网7个子台(榆次,东山,平遥,太谷,交城,汾阳,介休)和太原台十几年的地震观测资料为基础,分析几次中等地震前地震波波速比,振幅比,地震波初动符号,S波衰减率,尾波持续时间的异常。结果表明,地震波参数的分析可以提取中等地震前的异常信息,在1991年忻州5．1级地震的前兆异常反映明显。     

Potential Hazards of Eruptions around the Tianchi Caldera Lake, China

Since the eruption of the Tianchi volcano about 1000 years ago, there have been at least 3 to 5 eruptions of small to moderate size. In addition, hazardous avalanches, rock falls and debris flows have occurred during periods between eruptions. A future eruption of the Tianchi volcano is likely to involve explosive interaction between magma and the caldera lake. The volume of erupted magma is almost in a range of 0.1-0.5 km3. Tephra fallout may damage agriculture in a large area near the volcano. If only 1% of the lake water were ejected during an eruption and then precipitated over an area of 200 km2, the average rainfall would be 100 mm. Moreover, lahars are likely to occur as both tephra and water ejected from the caldera lake fall onto flanks of the volcano. Rocks avalanching into the caldera lake also would bring about grave hazards because seiches would be triggered and lake water with the volume equal to that of the landslide would spill out of the existing breach in the caldera and cause flooding     

四川地区4级以上调制小震与5级以上中强地震的关系探讨

通过对四川地区1972年以来的地震目录进行挑选和分析,得到四川地区4级以上调制小震与5级以上中强地震的对应数据结果。在所发生的41组调制小震中只有14组对应发生了中强地震,这说明在四川地区调制小震与中强地震的对应关系不是太好。但是,调制小震与中强地震的发震地点间的距离对应相关却比较好,平均距离间隔为93．49千米;所对应的调制小震与中强地震的发震时间的时间间隔平均为17．5个月。