线性天线阵列空间相关性函数的分析

推导了在线性天线阵列中的9 种典 型角能量分布的空间相关性方程&即高 斯分布%高斯空间分布和均匀分布''其中 高斯分布是由高斯空间分布推导得到 的''空间相关性方程是空间天线&阵列几 何以及角能量分布的一个函数''分别对 在高斯角能量分布和均匀角能量分布下 的空间相关性方程进行了分析&将天线 间的距离和角能量分布的标准差作为参 数在^S3TS. 环境下进行了仿真''结果表 明,在一定范围内增大天线间的距离以 及角能量分布标准差可以减小天线阵列 空间相关性&改善系统性能-同时&在中 长距离内&高斯角能量分布更有利于提 高系能的性能''     

The effects of closure on the moments of a distribution

When percentages are formed from uncorrelated, normally distributed parent variables the moments of the percentage distribution may differ considerably from those of the parents. Equations can be derived which enable the approximation of the moments of a percentage variable in terms of the moments of the parent distribution, the row sum statistics, and the correlation between a part of a sum and the sum (the part-whole correlation). If the part-whole correlation is negative the mean and variance of the percentage are increased (relative to the means and variances of those variables with a positive part-whole correlation) and the percentage variable will exhibit a positive skewness. If the part-whole correlation is positive the percentage variable will be negatively skewed if, and only if, the part-whole correlation is greater than the ratio of the coefficient of variation of the row sum (T) to the coefficient of variation of the parent variable. The kurtosis of the percentage variable must be greater than that of the parent variable regardless of the sign of the part-whole correlation. It is obvious that the interpretation or explanation of the distribution of a percentage variable must include an assessment of the effects of percentage formation. However, at the present time the isolation of the percentage effect appears to be impossible unless the parent data set is available.     

Drag Partition for Regularly-Arrayed Rough Surfaces

Vegetation and other roughness elements distributed across a surface can providesignificant protection against wind erosion by extracting momentum from the flowand thereby reducing the shear stress acting at the surface. A theoretical model haspreviously been presented to specify the partition of drag forces for rough surfacesand to predict required vegetation density to suppress wind erosion. However, themodel parameters have not yet been constrained and the predictive capacity of themodel has remained uncertain. A wind-tunnel study was conducted to measure thedrag partition for a range of roughness densities and to parameterise the model inorder to improve its range of potential applicability. The drag forces acting on bothan array of roughness elements and the intervening surface were measured independentlyand simultaneously using new drag balance instrumentation. A detailed measure of thespatial heterogeneity of surface shear stresses was also made using Irwin sensors. Thedata agreed well with previous results and confirmed the general form of the model.Analysis of the drag partition confirmed the parameter definition = C_R/C_S(where C_R and C_S are roughness element and surface drag coefficients,respectively) and a constant proportional difference between the mean and maximumsurface shear stress was found. The results of this experiment suggest that the definitionfor m, the surface shear stress inhomogeneity parameter, should be revised, although thetheoretical and physical reasons for including this parameter in the model appear to bevalid. Best-fit values for m ranged from 0.53 to 0.58.     

Interpretation of the microtremor spectra at the Zafarraya basin, southern Spain

The microtremor spectra observed at the sediment-filled basin of Zafarraya show a peak near 2·8 Hz, independent of the local basin depth. Based on geoelectric and geologic data we constructed a tentative model of the site. The seismic response for vertically incident plane waves, both SH and P-SV, was computed by the finite-difference method. The observed spectral peak was found to be due to a combined effect of the 2-D basin bottom shape and the horizontally layered basin fill. Neither of the two effects explain the spectra when treated separately. Synthetic seismo-grams indicate a transitional basin behaviour, little investigated so far, between that typical of local basin-induced surface waves and a global 2-D resonance. A practical conclusion is that the site effects cannot be simply assessed by means of the basin shape ratio (thickness to half-width ratio) and the velocity contrast at the bottom.     

Polynomial smoothing of quiet-time magnetic variations for an irregularly spaced array of sites

Both magnetospheric and solid Earth geophysicists often employ two-dimensional arrays of recording variometers to reconstruct the spatial distribution of transient magnetic field variations at the Earth's surface. These discrete data are typically interpolated over a dense grid and the results, for example, are contoured. Few studies, however, have explored the efficacy of employing various polynomial forms for interpolating the same data set, nor have they examined how regional polynomial forms relate to magnetic variation sources on a global scale. The present study addresses some of these concerns. We quantify the characteristics of various smoothed models (i.e., low-order polynomial trend surfaces) for the same data set from a subglobal network of magnetic variometers. Using a relatively quiet interval of undisturbed diurnal variation, we characterize the spatial distribution of the three individual magnetic vector components at a single instant of time—or for what we call a ‘time slice’. We then explore how our model functions are affected by the presence or absence of various site data, i.e., what is the ‘information content’ of a particular site in our array and how important is it to constraining the final smooth model function that we derive? Finally, we explore how such local model functions are affected by including data from outside the array by studying the relation between our local polynomial forms and the global source fields from which they derive.     

Astronomical imaging with InSb arrays

Ten years ago, Forrest presented the first astronomical images with an SBRC 32×32 InSb array camera at the first NASA-Ames Infrared Detector Technology Workshop. Soon after, SBRC began development of 58×62 InSb arrays, both for ground-based astronomy and for SIRTF. By the time of the 1987 Hilo workshop Ground-based Astronomical Observations with Infrared Array Detectors astronomical results from cameras based on SBRC 32×32 and 58×62 InSb arrays, a CE linear InSb array, and a French 32×32 InSb CID array were presented. And at the Tucson 1990 meeting Astrophysics with Infrared Arrays, it was clear that this new technology was no longer the province of IR pundits, but provided a tool for all astronomers. At this meeting, the first astronomical observations with SBRC's new, gateless passivation 256×256 InSb arrays will be presented: they perform spectacularly!In this review, I can only broadly brush on the interesting science completed with InSb array cameras. Because of the broad wavelength coverage (1–5.5 m) of InSb, and the extremely high performance levels throughout the band, InSb cameras are used not only in the near IR, but also from 3–5.5 m, where unique science is achieved. For example, the point-like central engines of AGNs are delineated at L and M, and Br and 3.29 m dust emission images of galactic and extragalactic objects yield excitation conditions. Examples of imaging spectroscopy, high spatial resolution imaging, as well as deep, broad-band imaging with InSb cameras at this meeting illustrate the power of InSb array cameras.     

Infrared astronomy: From one to one million pixels

In less than a decade, infrared array detectors have revolutionized infrared astronomy. Most of us remember using single element photometers in the early eighties, yet today, most of us are using 256×256 pixel arrays. At this meeting we have heard of plans to fabricate 1024×1024 arrays in the near infrared. From one to one million pixels in such a short period of time is amazing. The new array technology has also stimulated the development of many varieties of infrared cameras and spectrometers. At the UCLA Infrared Imaging Detector Lab we have commissioned two near infrared imaging systems (KCam and Gemini) based on 256×256 arrays and a spectrometer design study is in progress for 1024×1024 arrays. Performance of these cameras on the telescope will be reported briefly.     

Inversion of local S-wave velocity structures from average H/V ratios, and their use for the estimation of site-effects

H/V spectral ratios from microtremors areused to retrieve the S-velocity structurefrom a single ambient vibration record, byusing its relation to the ellipticity ofthe fundamental mode Rayleigh wave and theamplitude of observed H/V ratio.Constraints are needed in order to restrictthe possible range of solutions, and theinversion is applied to sites where thethickness of the unconsolidated sedimentsis approximately known from boreholeinformation. Within the uncertainty, theinverted structures agree well with theresults from other S-wave measuringtechniques such as downhole and cross-holemeasurements, and the analysis of ambientvibrations measured on an array.The influence of the inversion uncertaintyon site-amplification estimates forearthquakes is then investigated. For allinverted models, site response is computedfor a large number of events, which allowsto define the uncertainty by the aprioriunknown source position and mechanism of afuture earthquake. In most cases thevariability between the results obtainedfor the different models is much smallerthan the variability introduced by theunknown source position. The accuracy withwhich S-wave velocity structures can beretrieved from observed H/V ratios istherefore sufficient for an application ofthe method in seismic hazard analysis for aspecific site.     

Modelling of a wave energy converter array with a nonlinear power take-off system in the frequency domain

This paper presents a nonlinear frequency domain model and uses this to assess the performance of a wave energy converter (WEC) array with a nonlinear power take-off (PTO). In this model, the nonlinear PTO forces are approximated by a truncated Fourier series, while the dynamics of the WEC array are described by a set of linear motion equations in the frequency domain, and the hydrodynamic coefficients are obtained with the boundary element method. A single heave absorber is firstly investigated to establish the accuracy of the new model in capturing the nonlinear behaviour of the pumping system. Subsequently, simulations of a 2D array with 18 WECs and a pillar in the centre (representing the tower of a wind turbine) are carried out to understand wave interference effects. Several optimisation strategies are proposed to improve the overall performance of the WEC array. These results demonstrate a computationally effective method for accounting for nonlinear effects in large WEC arrays. The proposed approach may potentially be applied for developing control algorithms for the adaptability of a 2D array to incoming wave excitation.     

Generating basis sets of double differences

When a collection of double differences is used to compute global-positioning-system satellite orbits from a permanent network of receiving stations, linear dependence among the double-differenced observations reduces the number of double differences that contribute new information to the computations. A maximal linearly independent subset of a large collection of double differences contains all the information content of the full set. If r is the number of receivers and s is the number of satellites, the original collection of double differences may have size O(r ² s ²), whereas the linearly independent subset has size no greater than O(rs). Only such a smaller independent subset needs to participate in the more expensive double-precision matrix computations to correctly correlate all double differences, detect cycle slips, resolve ambiguities, and compute satellite orbits and station positions and relative velocities. Dependence among double differences is characterized using vector space methods together with geometric characterizations of Boolean matrices. These characterizations lend themselves to fast, robust algorithms for computing maximal linearly independent sets (bases) of double differences. An algorithm is given for constructing a generating independent set of double differences from the Boolean array of receiving-station/satellite connections. Characterizations of generator equivalence allow alternative generating sets to be identified and selected. An updating algorithm to handle local changes in the satellite–receiver connection matrix is also described. Received: 27 August 1996 / Accepted: 28 January 1999