上海及其邻区楔形断裂系统北翼断裂构造岩显微构造及岩组动力学研究

本文通过对断裂构造岩显微构造特征的研究,进而对石英变形纹及光轴系统测量统计,进行岩组动力学分析,重建了断裂活动时的应力场特征及演化。并对断裂空间分布,断裂性质,运动方式、方向,生成环境及活动时期等作出推论。从而验证和进一步揭示了断裂的宏观构造特征。     

Development of P-T prograde and P-retrograde, T-prograde isogradic surfaces during blueschist to eclogite regional deformation/metamorphism in New Caledonia, as indicated by progressively developed porphyroblast microstructures

Abstract The mid-Tertiary blueschists, eclogites and eclogitic gneisses of northern New Caledonia are the products of four phases of regional metamorphism and deformation (D₁–D₄). Omphacite, lawsonite and Mn-rich garnet isogradic surfaces were developed during the second deformation (D₂) under prograde pressure and temperature conditions. Subsequent deformations (D₃–D₄) folded these D₂ isogradic surfaces. However, within the P-retrograde, T-prograde metamorphic environment of the D₄ phase, omphacite altered to albite and chlorite; as a result, a late-stage sub-horizontal isogradic surface developed for omphacite-out where this mineral preserved as relics within syn-D₄ albite porphyroblasts. Other minerals that crystallized for the first time (epidote) or had rim additions (almandine phengite) during D₄, also form nearly horizontal isogradic surfaces. Porphyroblastic garnet and albite contain inclusion trails, which allow their microstructural development and crystallization of the matrix to be traced from D₂ to D₄. Late syn-D₄ the temperature increased markedly in association with an extensive exothermic decarbonation, even though the rocks were in a state of pressure retrogression. This caused considerable neocrystallization, recrystallization and growth of mattix and porphyroblasts such that, although S₂ foliation crenulated by D₃ and D₄ is readily observable, almost all signs of stored strain due to D₃ and D₄ have been removed, and the deeper schists and eclogitic gneisses superficially appear to have undergone a drastic annealing recrystallization, post-dating deformation.     

显微探测手段在乌鲁木齐市活动断层探测中的应用

目前中国正在广泛开展城市活动断层的探测。但是,这些断层常发育在松散沉积物中,没有明显的宏观形迹。因此,即便开挖了探槽,也往往难以解决这些隐性断层(即宏观形迹不明断层)的延伸情况、是否穿过上覆地层,以及断层的活动性质和方式等关键问题。通过观测乌鲁木齐市的西山和王家沟断裂的13个探槽和天然露头剖面,系统采集样品53件。在室内进行了显微构造、碎屑颗粒棱角度和粒度观测、以及粒度分布分析等。通过显微构造观测所揭示的断层微观表现形式、震击物的微观构造标志以及样品中碎屑颗粒棱角度、粒度大小和分形特征的变化等,解决了宏观探测无法查明的是否存在隐性断层以及有关断层活动方式、断层是否穿过上覆地层等疑难问题。结果表明,微观观测是松散沉积物中宏观形迹不明的活动断层探测的有效手段,它在城市活断层探测工程中具有广阔的应用前景     

马里亚纳海沟表层沉积物物理性质与微观结构初探

针对取样于141°48.700 8'E,11°11.698 8'N,深度为8 638 m的马里亚纳海沟海底表层沉积物,考虑该沉积物中的孔隙水为海水,提出一种测定其基本物理性质指标的修正方法,并测定其相关的物理性质指标,最后通过扫描电子显微镜观察其微观结构。研究结果表明:本次取样处的深海海底表层沉积物具有极高的含水率、高孔隙率、低密度、低比重、高饱和度等特性。考虑海水中盐分影响的修正后,该土样的含水率比修正前提高了11.68%,比重比修正前降低了7.66%。该沉积物显微结构以絮凝结构为主,中间夹杂着大量多孔隙的硅藻碎片和生物体的空壳,这使得该沉积物中的孔隙数量增多。研究结果将有助于了解马里亚纳海沟地区的深海沉积环境和历史,为深海集矿车的设计提供参考。     

Microstructures associated with static and dynamic recrystallization of Carrara marble (Alpi Apuane,NW Tuscany,Italy)

The present contribution summarizes the first results of a study focusing on microstructures from Alpi Apuane marbles. Its aim is both an analysis of the evolution of the metamorphic complex recorded in marbles and the supply of basic material for process-oriented studies on calcite microstructures due to natural deformation. Quantitative analysis of the variations of statically recrystallized microstructures suggest a relationship with the peak metamorphic temperatures. Previously unrecognized post-thermal peak shear zones, showing overprint microstructures typical of grain-boundary migration and dynamic recrystallization, are described; they document the natural deformation of Carrara marble.     

Microstructural constraints on the timing of Proterozoic deformation in Central New Mexico

The nature and extent of deformation associated with 1.4 Ga tectonism in the south-western USA are poorly understood. Two models have been proposed. Both agree that Proterozoic crustal accretion occurred at 1.65 Ga and that the rocks remained at mid-crustal conditions ( c . 12 km depth) until 1.4 Ga. However, one model suggests that 1.4 Ga deformation was regionally extensive, the other that it was localized around 1.4 Ga plutons. Following 1.4 Ga tectonism, the crust cooled below 300 °C. Detailed studies of quartz mylonite microfabrics in samples both adjacent to and removed from 1.4 Ga plutons in the Manzano Mountains, central New Mexico, are used to discriminate between these models of mid-Proterozoic thermotectonic history. In this area, as in much of northern New Mexico, the metamorphic conditions prior to emplacement of 1.4 Ga plutons were 500 °C and 4 kbar. The quartz mylonite microfabrics include ribbon grains, recrystallized grains with serrated boundaries, and strong c-axis crystallographic preferred orientations, which indicate no post-deformational modification. All of these microfabrics are consistent with deformation at upper greenschist/lower amphibolite facies conditions, and could have formed during either 1.65 or 1.4 Ga tectonism. Microfabrics formed during 1.65 Ga tectonism, however, should have been substantially modified by annealing recrystallization during residency in the middle crust and/or thermal/mechanical effects associated with 1.4 Ga tectonism. The observed microstructures are consistent with regional deformation associated with metamorphism at 1.4 Ga. The effects of deformation at 1.4 Ga in New Mexico are therefore more widespread than previously thought.     

松散沉积物中活动断层的微观探测方法

松散沉积物中的活动断层常常看不到明显的宏观形迹,构成所谓的隐性断层。单靠探槽和天然露头的宏观观测,常常难以得到全面的认识。因此,开拓松散沉积物中活动断层探测的新思路和新方法是当前的迫切任务。本研究试图另辟蹊径从微观的角度解决这个问题。为此,观测了北京顺义—前门—良乡断裂、太原交城断裂、乌鲁木齐王家沟断裂和西山断裂以及西安临潼—长安断裂的24条探槽和天然露头剖面,采集原态样品140件,散状样品122件,切制大薄片275件。对所采集的样品开展了显微构造、显微沉积学以及扫描电镜(SEM)测定。研究结果表明,松散沉积物中的断层在微观上是有迹可循的,它们可以表现为变形条带、变形条带的带、滑动面、较宽的断层带、微破碎带、碎屑颗粒集中的带和铁质有机质集中的带等。断层内外样品在碎屑颗粒的棱角度、粒度大小、粒度分布特征以及表面结构特征等均有所变化。观测结果还发现了可以和震击物(seismites)的宏观构造标志相互对比的微观标志。显然,上述显微构造和显微沉积学特征可以作为松散沉积物中宏观形迹不明(隐形)断层及其是否伴有古地震事件的微观判断标志。总之,研究结果表明,微观探测是研究松散沉积物中活动断层具广阔应用前景的有效手段。     

柴达木盆地周边断裂超微构造变形特征及其应力-应变环境

通过断裂超微变形构造分析,对柴达木盆地周边断裂构造发育的应力-应变环境进行了较为深入的探讨。研究结果表明:新高泉断裂超微构造以密度较低的平直位错线为典型特征,反映了相对较低的应力-应变环境;大头羊逆冲断裂位错密度高,位错形态复杂,呈弯曲状延伸,局部发育位错环,应力-应变环境较高;绿梁山逆冲断裂的超微构造以亚颗粒的普遍发育为显著特征,表明应变环境已达恢复阶段;纳赤台逆冲断裂的超微构造较为复杂,位错线、位错壁和亚颗粒都有不同程度的发育,表明变形的复杂性。根据超微构造的特征,这对不同断裂的古构造应力和应变速率进行了计算。      

微粒对多晶冰流变行为的影响(Ⅱ):显微组织演变

通过光学显微镜及单轴压缩的方法,研究了不同应力和温度下微粒对多品冰流变过程中显微组织演变的影响.研究表明:不论高温还是低温,或者高应力还是低应力,含微粒的多晶冰总是有较高的流变速率.在-10℃及1.45 MPa的应力下,两种冰在流变过程中的动态再结晶通过新生晶粒沿晶界的形核及长大完成.由于微粒在流变过程中通过阻碍晶界滑移而发展高的内应力,含微粒的多晶冰有较高的动态再结晶速率,其晶粒尺寸远小于不含微粒的多晶冰的晶粒尺寸.在-5℃、-10℃及0.4 MPa的应力下,由于微粒在流变过程中同样通过阻碍晶界滑移而发展较高的内应力,含微粒的多晶冰在流变过程中的动态再结晶仍然通过新生晶粒沿晶界的形核及长大完成.而对于不含微粒的多晶冰,由于流变应力较低,晶界应变能不足以诱发新生晶粒的形核,因此动态再结晶通过应变诱发的晶界迁移完成,其结果是晶粒的尺寸保持不变.     

Metamorphic processes: a celebration of the career contribution of Ron Vernon

This Special Issue is in celebration of the career contribution of Ron Vernon. It arises from the ‘Ron Vernon Symposium’, which was held as part of the 15th Australian Geological Convention in Sydney in 2000. To date Ron has published more than one hundred scientific papers, several books and contributed widely to international conferences. He is the doyen in the multidisciplinary field of microstructures, which spans petrology and structural geology. However, Ron's range is phenomenal, and he has contributed to many aspects of metamorphism, magmatism and rock deformation. He has drawn on data from his work in these areas to contribute widely to understanding thermal regimes, crustal evolution and tectonics, as exemplified by his ideas about HTLP metamorphism and emplacement of granites. Ron has followed the scientific method in his work; it has led him to many innovative interpretations, some of which undermined established dogma. By example, Ron has been a positive role model for the younger generation. However, for the older generation, he has been something of a bête noire! The papers in this Special Issue cover the range from low‐ to high‐grade metamorphism, from metasomatism to melting, from microstructures to tectonics, and from fieldwork to experiments. It is our hope that in reading them you will take time to think about what has been achieved in the past 40 years, and use this as motivation for what remains to be done.