Spatial distribution and seasonal variation in 18O/16O of modern precipitation and river water across the conterminous USA

We report a quantitative analysis of regional differences in the the oxygen isotope composition of river water and precipitation across the USA because data are now available to undertake a more geographically and temporally extensive analysis than was formerly possible. Maps of modern, mean annual δ¹⁸O values for both precipitation (δ¹⁸O_PPT) and river water (δ¹⁸O_RIV) across the 48 contiguous states of the USA have been generated using latitude and elevation as the primary predictors of stable isotope composition while also incorporating regional and local deviations based on available isotopic data. The difference between these two maps was calculated to determine regions where δ¹⁸O_RIV is significantly offset from local δ¹⁸O_PPT. Additional maps depicting seasonal and extreme values for δ¹⁸O_RIV and δ¹⁸O_PPT were also constructed. This exercise confirms the presence of regions characterized by differences in δ¹⁸O_RIV and δ¹⁸O_PPT and specifically identifies the magnitude and regional extent of these offsets. In particular, the Great Plains has δ¹⁸O_RIV values that are more positive than precipitation, while much of the western USA is characterized by significantly lower δ¹⁸O_RIV values in comparison with local δ¹⁸O_PPT. The most salient feature that emerged from this comparison is the ‘catchment effect’ for the rivers. Because river water is largely derived from precipitation that fell upstream of the sample locality (i.e. at higher elevations) δ¹⁸O_RIV values are often lower than local δ¹⁸O_PPT values, particularly in catchments with high‐elevation gradients. Seasonal patterns in the isotopic data substantiate the generally accepted notion that amplitudes of δ¹⁸O variation are greatly dampened in river water relative to those of local precipitation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

岩浆热液矿床最佳成矿部位探讨

与花岗质岩浆有关的热液矿床最佳成矿部位是一个具有探索性的课题,它依据的理论是:与花岗岩有关的热液成矿作用是一系列复杂的化学反应过程;它有两个前提:成矿是中—低温化学反应导致成矿元素沉淀的产物;成矿作用不同程度与大气水的加入有关。热液矿床形成于地壳浅部,限定在大气水临界面(critical plane of the meteoric water)和成矿上限临界面(critical plane of the mineralization upper limit)之间。来自深部的含矿热液抵达这个部位,物理化学条件发生了急剧变化,可能引发剧烈的化学反应,中—低温环境和地表水的加入则有利于成矿元素的沉淀,遂使该带成为最有利于成矿的部位。大气水临界面是大气水向下循环的下界,是一个极不规则的界面,主要受地表水供应量、温度、岩性、构造等因素的制约。成矿上限临界面主要受温度和隔档层的制约,尤其隔档层,可能是某些大型和超大型矿床的聚集地。无水不成矿,无地下水不成矿,看来是有道理的。探讨与花岗岩有关的热液金属矿床的最佳成矿部位对于指导深部找矿是有意义的。     

烟圈反演和视纵向电导解释方法对比

基于浮动薄板理论,研究瞬变电磁场层状介质中视纵向电导的计算方法,利用遗传算法代替常用的阻尼最小二乘法来获取关键参数。进行“烟圈”反演计算,并分别采用3层H (K)型和4层HK型地电模型对比视纵向电导曲线和电阻率—深度曲线。结果表明,“烟圈”反演具有不需初始模型、计算简便等优点,在定性反演方面,视纵向电导解释方法可以更准确地划分电性层,且能够比较直观地体现电性变化趋势。      

地学现象三维空间模拟-以点源烟气扩散为例

探讨地学现象三维空间模拟的方法。将地学现象所在的三维空间以规则六面体格网形式离散为一个个相互连接的格网单元,运用相应地学模型计算规则六面体各顶点的属性值,再用MC方法追踪形成等值面,以此来表示地学现象的三维空间状态。以点源烟气扩散中烟气的三维浓度模拟为例,验证了这一空间模拟方法的有效性和直观性。     

Rare earth element geochemistry of scleractinian coral skeleton during meteoric diagenesis: a sequence through neomorphism of aragonite to calcite

Rare earth element geochemistry in carbonate rocks is utilized increasingly for studying both modern oceans and palaeoceanography, with additional applications for investigating water–rock interactions in groundwater and carbonate diagenesis. However, the study of rare earth element geochemistry in ancient rocks requires the preservation of their distribution patterns through subsequent diagenesis. The subjects of this study, Pleistocene scleractinian coral skeletons from Windley Key, Florida, have undergone partial to complete neomorphism from aragonite to calcite in a meteoric setting; they allow direct comparison of rare earth element distributions in original coral skeleton and in neomorphic calcite. Neomorphism occurred in a vadose setting along a thin film, with degradation of organic matter playing an initial role in controlling the morphology of the diagenetic front. As expected, minor element concentrations vary significantly between skeletal aragonite and neomorphic calcite, with Sr, Ba and U decreasing in concentration and Mn increasing in concentration in the calcite, suggesting that neomorphism took place in an open system. However, rare earth elements were largely retained during neomorphism, with precipitating cements taking up excess rare earth elements released from dissolved carbonates from higher in the karst system. Preserved rare earth element patterns in the stabilized calcite closely reflect the original rare earth element patterns of the corals and associated reef carbonates. However, minor increases in light rare earth element depletion and negative Ce anomalies may reflect shallow oxidized groundwater processes, whereas decreasing light rare earth element depletion may reflect mixing of rare earth elements from associated microbialites or contamination from insoluble residues. Regardless of these minor disturbances, the results indicate that rare earth elements, unlike many minor elements, behave very conservatively during meteoric diagenesis. As the meteoric transformation of aragonite to calcite is a near worst case scenario for survival of original marine trace element distributions, this study suggests that original rare earth element patterns may commonly be preserved in ancient limestones, thus providing support for the use of ancient marine limestones as proxies for marine rare earth element geochemistry.     

Application of transient electromagnetic method in tunnel exploration

Along with the economic development,large tunnels need to be constructed in many high mountains or complex structure regions,and the design and construction of detailed tunnel exploration become particularly important.Transient electromagnetic method (TEM) uses a non-grounded loop or an electrode to send a primary electromagnetic pulse into the ground,and observes spatial and temporal distribution of secondary electromagnetic field,which is widely applied in mineral resource exploration,engineering geology,etc.The application of TEM in the tunnel construction of Kaiyuan Temple is researched in this study.The smoke loop inversion is adopted for inverting the transient electromagnetic data.The drilling data and high density resistivity method data are combined for comparison.The obtained inversion result greatly coincides with the actual conditions.Therefore,the geophysical prospecting basis can be provided for the division of stratum,delineation of geologi-cal structure,and design and construction of tunnel pavement.By virtue of TEM,drilling data and high density resistivity method,the tunnel construction of Kaiyuan Temple has obtained satisfactory results.     

Oxygen Isotopic Study on the Date‐Nagai Skarn‐Type Tungsten Deposit,Northeastern Japan

The skarn‐type tungsten deposit of the Date‐Nagai mine is genetically related to the granodiorite batholith of the Iidateyama body. Skarn is developed along the contact between pelitic hornfels and marble that remains as a small roof pendant body directly above the granodiorite batholith. Zonal arrangement of minerals is observed in skarn. The zonation consists of wollastonite, garnet, garnet‐epidote, and vesuvianite‐garnet zones, from marble to hornfels. Sheelite is included in garnet, garnet‐epidote, and vesuvianite‐garnet zones. The oxygen isotope values of skarn minerals were obtained as δ¹⁸O = 4.2–7.7‰ for garnet, 5.9–6.9‰ for vesuvianite, ?0.3–3.4‰ for scheelite, 6.0–10.9‰ for quartz, and 8.2‰ for muscovite. The temperature of skarn‐formation was calculated from oxygen isotopic values of scheelite‐quartz pairs to be 288°C. Calculated oxygen isotope values of fluid responsible for skarn minerals were 6.1–9.5‰ for garnet, 1.2–4.8‰ for scheelite, ?1.3‐3.6‰ for quartz, and 4.5‰ for muscovite. Garnet precipitated from the fluids of different δ¹⁸O values from scheelite, quartz, and muscovite. These δ¹⁸O values suggest that the origin of fluid responsible for garnet was magmatic water, while evidence for the presence of a meteoric component in the fluids responsible for middle to later stages minerals was confirmed.     

堆积铝土矿中三水铝石成因探讨

堆积铝土矿中三水铝石成因探讨谌建国，刘云华（中国地质科学院宜昌地质矿产研究所，宜昌４４３００３）关键词堆积铝土矿，三水铝石－硬水铝石矿床，三水铝石成因，大气降水淋滤我国桂西至滇东广泛发育堆积型铝土矿，资源量很大。矿体是杂基支撑的角砾堆积物，砾石和基质...     

塔中地区志留系烃类侵位对成岩作用的影响

塔中地区志留系具有较广的沥青分布,为研究烃类侵位对矿物成岩作用的影响提供了良好的实例。通过岩矿观察,并综合油田水化学、氢氧锶同位素和流体包裹体均一化温度等资料,提出该区志留系烃类侵位后因淡水注入而使烃类被氧化,所产生的有机酸促进了钾长石、石英等矿物的溶解,导致了次生孔隙的发育;并为石英次生加大提供所必需的Si的来源。Si的质量转移可能是因浓度梯度而引起的扩散作用进行的。烃类侵位还使成岩介质还原性增强,使得胶结物富含还原的 2价铁;但未能阻滞石英的次生加大.