Environmental Isotopic Characterization of Groundwater and Surface Water in Northeast Missan Province,South Iraq

The present work studies the environmental isotopes assess groundwater characteristics of the different parts of the main aquifer in the northeast Missan Province in south of Iraq.Water samples of groundwater and surface water were collected for two dry and wet seasons during the water year of 2011–2012.The study shows that most of the groundwater in the aquifer falls above the global meteoric water line,and all the samples fall below the Mediterranean meteoric water line,indicating that these samples are a mixture of two water types.The tritium content of these samples supports this conclusion.The overall conclusion of this study indicates that there are two sources of groundwater recharge in the studied area:the ephemeral streams(Teeb and Dewerge) and major precipitation sources.According to the tritium levels at or below one tritium unit(TU) obtained from the water,supply wells are highly confined or "not vulnerable".Overall,the 3H results imply that recent recharge has taken place during the last four to five decades.In the recharge area,the high tritium content in the southern part of the Teeb area suggests that the recharge originates from rapid infiltration of surface runoff.Therefore,the groundwater resources in the study area should be protected from contamination,because it will influence the aquifer in a relatively short period of time if any contamination enters the recharge areas of the aquifer.     

Geochemistry of meteoric diagenesis in carbonate islands of the northern Bahamas: 2. Geochemical modelling and budgeting of diagenesis

Geochemical characterization and numerical modelling of surface water and ground water, combined with hydrological observations, provide quantitative estimates of meteoric diagenesis in Pleistocene carbonates of the northern Bahamas. Meteoric waters equilibrate with aragonite, but water‐ rather than mineral‐controlled reactions dominate. Dissolutional lowering of the undifferentiated bedrock surface is an order of magnitude slower than that within soil‐filled topographic hollows, generating small‐scale relief at a rate of 65–140 mm ka^?1 and a distinctive pocketed topography. Oxidation of organic matter within the subsoil and vadose zones generates an average P of 4·0 × 10^?3 atm, which drives dissolution during vadose percolation and/or at the water table. However, these dissolution processes together account for <60% of the average rock‐derived calcium in groundwaters pumped from the freshwater lens. The additional calcium may derive from oxidation of organic carbon within the lens, accounting for the high P of the lens waters. Mixing between meteoric waters of differing chemistry is diagenetically insignificant, but evapotranspiration from the shallow water table is an important drive for subsurface cementation. Porosity generation in the shallow vadose zone averages 1·6–3·2% ka^?1. Phreatic meteoric diagenesis is focused near the water table, where dissolution generates porosity at 1·4–2·8% ka^?1. Maximum dissolution rates, however, are similar to those of evaporation‐driven precipitation, which occludes porosity of 4·0 ± 0·6% ka^?1. This drives porosity inversion, from primary interparticle to secondary mouldic, vug and channel porosity. In the deeper freshwater lens, oxidation of residual organic carbon and reoxidation of reduced sulphur species from deeper anaerobic oxidation of organic carbon may generate porosity up to 0·06% ka^?1. Meteoric diagenesis relies critically on hydrological routing and vadose thickness (controlled by sea level), as well as the geochemical processes active. A thin vadose zone permits direct evaporation from the water table and drives precipitation of meteoric phreatic cements even where mineral stabilization is complete. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

栖霞市马家窑金矿床成矿流体地球化学特征

马家窑金矿床是胶东地区比较典型的石英脉型金矿床代表,属中低温热液矿床,成矿流体盐度较低,气相成分以H2O,CO2为主,其次是Na^＋,Ca^＋和Cl^-,K^＋和F^-较贫,流体的成分与大气降水热液相类似。成矿流体的H,O同位素值则反映大气降水在不同温度和不同水／岩值条件下与栖霞超单元回龙夼单元交换后的分布特征,认为马家窑金矿床的成矿热液属大气降水成因。     

福建紫金 山矿床流体运移—反应模式及其氧同位素示踪研究

根据紫金山矿床不同位置和深度的蚀变岩石氧同位素组成变化特征,以及流体氢氧同位素和包裹体测量数据,讨论了成矿流体的来源及运移－反应机制。认为该矿床主要由大气降水的环流形成。     

苏州花岗岩的氧同位素研究

本文根据钻孔样品对苏州花岗岩主侵入阶段岩石作了较详细的氧同位素研究。内部相岩石全岩、石英与长石的δ18O值变化小,石英和长石的氧同位素组成处于同位素平衡状态,在δ18OQ－δ18Of图上分布于一个很小区域内,表明内部相岩石并未受到雨水热液作用影响;而边缘相岩石的全岩δ18O变化明显,石英和长石的氧同位素组成处于极端不平衡状态,在δ18OQ－δ18Of图上,呈近乎垂直状态分布,表明已受到雨水热液作用的显著影响。强烈的水一岩交换作用还导致了Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Th等稀有元素在边缘相的矿化作用。本文还对苏州花岗岩的源区物质特征作了讨论。     

乌鲁木齐市晴天太阳辐射变化特征

利用乌鲁木齐市1976年以来晴天条件下的太阳总辐射实际值与理论值之差,分析太阳总辐射的变化和主要影响因子。分析得出:冬季太阳总辐射减少量最多,夏季最少,且各月减少量的变化与采暖期煤烟型污染物的释放有很好的对应关系。4—9月减少量约10%,3月和10月为15%左右,2月和11月为25%左右,1月和12月达到高峰为35%左右;采暖期晴天太阳总辐射30%的减少量中有20%是由煤烟型污染物影响造成的,10%是由常年不变的污染源和大气共同作用造成的;年太阳总辐射减少量与冬半年(采暖期)太阳总辐射减少量的变化趋势和波动是完全一致的,1976年至1998年是上升的趋势,1998年后是下降的趋势;该市近几年煤烟型污染物变化趋势与太阳辐射减少量的变化趋势基本一致。     

1954—2004年珠江三角洲大气能见度变化趋势

利用珠江三角洲5个城市气象观测站 (广州、深圳、台山、惠州、高要) 的长期能见度观测资料, 采用累积百分率、Ridit分析法和烟幕/霾日频率3种统计分析方法, 分析了1954—2004年珠江三角洲能见度变化趋势, 初步探讨了珠江三角洲大气环境的变化特征及其可能原因。结果表明:近50年来, 珠江三角洲城市能见度呈显著下降趋势。能见度的下降起始于20世纪70年代初, 并在经济高速发展的80—90年代初进一步恶化, 90年代中期之后虽然能见度变化趋于平缓, 但能见度下降的趋势仍未从根本上改变。珠江三角洲能见度与当地的人口增加和经济发展程度有密切的关系, 同时污染物的区域输送对西部下风向城市能见度也有很大影响。珠江三角洲能见度未得到有效改善的主要原因, 很可能是由于细粒子污染, 尤其是二次粒子前体物如SO₂和NO_X等的排放未得到有效控制。     

中纬度地区混合云中稳定同位素分馏的数学模拟-以乌鲁木齐降水为例

介绍的数学模型考虑了混合云中液、固态共存时以及冰面过饱和环境下稳定同位素的动力分馏效应.利用该数学模型,模拟了不同冷却条件下稳定同位素的温度效应.在相同的湿度条件下,湿绝热冷却过程中δ18O随温度的变化率小于等压冷却过程.冰面过饱和比Si的增大意味着动力分馏效应的增大.与平衡态相比,它的作用使得稳定同位素的综合分馏系数减小,从而使得降水中δ18O随温度的变化趋缓.模拟显示,湿绝热冷却过程中大气水线(MWL:=bδ18O+d)的斜率b和常数d均大于等压冷却过程.全球大气水线位于湿绝热冷却过程和等压冷却过程条件下分别模拟的两条大气水线之间.b和d的大小与Si呈正比.Si愈大,动力分馏效应愈强,b和d也愈大.反之亦然.然而,b和d的大小对云中含水量的变化具有低的敏感性.利用动力分馏模式模拟了乌鲁木齐降水中稳定同位素的变化.模拟的稳定同位素比率-温度以及δD-δ18O曲线分别与乌鲁木齐实测的稳定同位素比率-温度回归线以及大气水线有非常好的一致性.     

2006～2008年重庆大气降水δD和δ18O特征初步分析

大气降水稳定同位素组成受到温度、蒸发、水汽源地等多种因素的复杂影响,在不同时间和不同地区具有很大差异.通过分析2006~2008年间重庆雨水样品的δD和δ18O,初步建立了当地的大气降水线方程.当地的大气降水稳定同位素组成在不同季节变化明显:夏季降水中的稳定同位素值普遍偏轻,而冬季降水中稳定同位素值普遍偏重.水汽来源是控制当地大气降水稳定同位素组成的最重要原因,而蒸发作用等是控制短期次降水事件中雨水稳定同位素组成的重要影响因素.     

贵州赤水地区中三叠统雷口坡组的成岩作用和储集性

赤水地区中三叠统雷口坡组的气藏是１９９１年初发现的，其储层主要发育在雷一＾１中段。储集岩主要为溶孔粉晶云岩，储集空间为晶间孔、晶间溶孔及溶孔。受沉积环境控制，成岩早期的淡水溶蚀作用是形成储集性的主要原因，导致雷一＾１亚段的储层具明显的成层性，而印支期抬升引起的风化淋滤作用进一步改善了储集性。成岩期的石膏充填则是使储集空间遭破坏的主要因素。本文通过“四性研究”，充分利用岩石学、岩石地球化学及各种微电