Magnetics in geoexploration

The magnetic method is the oldest and one of the most widely used geophysical techniques for exploring the earth’s subsurface. It is a relatively easy and inexpensive tool to employ, being applicable to a wide variety of subsurface exploration problems involving horizontal magnetic property variations occurring from near the base of the crust to within the uppermost meter of soil. Successful applications of the magnetic method require an in-depth understanding of its basic principles and careful field work, data reduction, and interpretation. Commonly, interpretations are limited to qualitative approaches which simply map the spatial location of anomalous subsurface conditions, but under favourable circumstances the technological status of the method will permit more quantitative interpretations involving specification of the nature of the anomalous sources. No other geophysical method provides critical input to such a wide variety of problems. However, seldom does the magnetic method provide the complete answer to an investigation problem. As a result, it is generally used in concert with other geophysical and geological data to limit its interpretational ambiguities.     

Transcribing from the Mind To the Map: Tracing the Evolution of a Concept

Transcribing what is held in one's mind to a tangible map is experiencing a multidisciplinary renewal. Sketch mapping is being utilized to identify a range of community concerns, as well as for more generally revealing otherwise invisible landscapes. Whether the aim is to understand preference, perception, knowledge, or behavior, the result is some form of map. The genesis of this concept is usually attributed to seminal work in the 1960s and 1970s geography, planning, and environmental psychology. However, its resurgence in the past decade has been driven by a confluence of recent methodological and epistemological developments across numerous disciplines surrounding the role of local knowledge in ecological frameworks and how this can be mapped and analyzed with and without geospatial technologies. With growing adoption of sketch mapping well beyond its initial disciplinary niches, it is appropriate to review its evolution in order to inform ongoing and future research.     

高精度磁测在区域矿产调查中的应用—以1∶5万平里店、道头幅为例

根据山东省胶西北地区2幅1∶5万地面高精度磁测资料,对工作区内岩性界线、断裂构造进行了划分,取得了良好的效果,为研究以金为主的矿产成矿规律和圈定成矿预测区提供了地球物理信息。同时指出了高精度磁测在区域地质填图、断裂构造研究及区域成矿预测等方面的作用。     

基于BERNESE全球网联合平差分析东北区域速度场

本文将东北区域陆态网基准站纳入到全球网联合平差解算,实现了数据的自动处理,获得周解,并通过时间序列分析获得了基准站在全球框架下的运动速率,并对其进行对比分析,进一步验证了解算策略的可行性和可靠性。     

测绘地理信息档案分类探讨

该文介绍了测绘地理信息档案分类法、档案实体分类和档案信息分类理论,并结合测绘地理信息档案的特点,探讨了它们在测绘地理信息档案管理中的应用,提出了包含数字档案在内的测绘地理信息实体分类方法,探讨了基于档案管理系统的测绘地理信息档案分类目录的组织形式。     

基于LiDAR的海原断裂松山段断错地貌分析与古地震探槽选址实例

基于高精度机载Li DAR数据在GIS平台的地貌因子渲染分析,对海原断裂老虎山段松山地区古地震研究点进行高精度大比例尺(1∶1000)地貌填图,勾勒出研究点微地貌空间展布和断裂高精度几何形态。通过对松山古地震研究点2个新探槽的开挖,结合细致的探槽解译、地震事件识别与分期、年代学样品测试,得出5次37380±880BP以内的不连续古地震序列。通过对比此处已经开挖的各自相距不足150m、分布于断裂同一段落的4个古地震探槽的微地貌位置、沉积特征和地震事件信号强弱,发现即使相距不远,不同微地貌位置古地震探槽揭示的古地震现象也会有显著差别。这种差别凸显了古地震研究结果,如揭示的事件证据和个数等与探槽点位置的选取有较强的依赖性。综合对比分析表明,较低的地势、低能静水环境、高沉积速率、细粒的沉积物源区及连续的沉积环境是走滑断裂上开展古地震研究的优选地貌位置。实例表明,基于高精度地形数据对研究点开展精细地貌填图揭示微地貌时空演化,从而在探槽开挖前对古地震研究点的构造地貌优劣进行充分评价是提高古地震研究质量的必要程序,同时也显示出高精度机载Li DAR数据在活动构造研究中的重要新应用。     

论热液角砾岩构造系统及研究内容、研究方法和岩相学填图应用

含矿热液角砾岩类和非含矿角砾岩类的成岩成矿机制、独立填图单元确定和构造岩相学填图等问题,一直是困惑地质学家的难题。有效解决这些难题,对于研究和恢复矿田构造具有重要价值。在热液角砾岩成岩成矿系统中,热液角砾岩类不但是流体–岩石的多期次地球化学耦合与叠加作用、强烈流体交代作用的物理–化学反应库,也是各类叠加地质作用过程和结果的构造岩相学物质记录。因此,对其深入研究有助于提升成岩成矿系统理论认识水平。在综述以往研究基础上,本文提出了热液角砾岩构造系统概念、研究内容、研究方法和技术组合。在对角砾岩相系分类基础上,针对热液角砾岩相系的复杂性,通过岩相学填图实例解剖,总结专项填图中构造岩相学填图单元建立方法和填图技术,探索采用岩相学填图恢复热液角砾岩构造系统的新方法及技术组合。通过专项研究认为热液角砾岩系统主要形成有利的构造地质背景有:(1)复式侵入岩体在多期次岩浆侵入过程中,岩浆结晶分异和不混溶作用、岩浆冷却与围岩–先存构造多重耦合过程、同岩浆侵入期的脆韧性剪切带耦合、侵入岩体在后期构造–流体叠加过程等,对于形成热液角砾岩构造系统有利;(2)在火山岩相系中,早期次火山侵入体、晚期次火山岩侵入体和后期岩浆侵入岩体等,对于形成热液角砾岩体构造系统十分有利;(3)在沉积盆地后期叠加改造过程中,先存火山角砾岩、岩溶角砾岩和沉积角砾岩相系等,在后期盆地流体注入和多期次岩浆侵入过程中,有利于形成叠加热液角砾岩体构造系统;(4)在多期次的构造–岩浆–角砾岩杂岩带中,有利于形成热液角砾岩构造系统。研究认为多期次岩浆侵入体、火山–次火山岩侵入体和盆地中热流体是形成热液角砾岩构造系统的主要机制,包括与多期次复式侵入体有关的岩浆热液角砾岩构造系统、火山–次火山热液角砾岩构造系统、构造热液角砾岩构造系统和复合热液角砾岩系统等,它们均属矿田构造类型,也是多矿种共生矿床的成岩成矿机制。采用构造岩相学专项填图技术,对不同类型热液角砾岩构造系统及成岩成矿中心进行重建,有助于寻找和发现深部隐蔽构造和隐伏铁氧化物铜金型(IOCG)矿床找矿预测。     

基础地理信息数据更新中地籍测绘成果的应用

随着城市化进程的不断加快,城市基础地理信息的更新有了更高的要求,在城市基础地理信息的更新中,正确合理地引入地籍测绘成果具有重要意义,可以大大提高数据更新的速度,保证更新质量,从而使城市建设更为规范和有序。本文以基础地理信息数据更新和地籍测绘成果两者的相关性和差异性入手,对基础地理信息数据的更新进行了系统分析,并在此基础上对地籍测绘成果的应用要点进行了说明。     

Mapping rice-fallow cropland areas for short-season grain legumes intensification in South Asia using MODIS 250 m time-series data

The goal of this study was to map rainfed and irrigated rice-fallow cropland areas across South Asia, using MODIS 250?m time-series data and identify where the farming system may be intensified by the inclusion of a short-season crop during the fallow period. Rice-fallow cropland areas are those areas where rice is grown during the kharif growing season (June–October), followed by a fallow during the rabi season (November–February). These cropland areas are not suitable for growing rabi-season rice due to their high water needs, but are suitable for a short -season (≤3 months), low water-consuming grain legumes such as chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), black gram, green gram, and lentils. Intensification (double-cropping) in this manner can improve smallholder farmer’s incomes and soil health via rich nitrogen-fixation legume crops as well as address food security challenges of ballooning populations without having to expand croplands. Several grain legumes, primarily chickpea, are increasingly grown across Asia as a source of income for smallholder farmers and at the same time providing rich and cheap source of protein that can improve the nutritional quality of diets in the region. The suitability of rainfed and irrigated rice-fallow croplands for grain legume cultivation across South Asia were defined by these identifiers: (a) rice crop is grown during the primary (kharif) crop growing season or during the north-west monsoon season (June–October); (b) same croplands are left fallow during the second (rabi) season or during the south-east monsoon season (November–February); and (c) ability to support low water-consuming, short-growing season (≤3 months) grain legumes (chickpea, black gram, green gram, and lentils) during rabi season. Existing irrigated or rainfed crops such as rice or wheat that were grown during kharif were not considered suitable for growing during the rabi season, because the moisture/water demand of these crops is too high. The study established cropland classes based on the every 16-day 250?m normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) time series for one year (June 2010–May 2011) of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, using spectral matching techniques (SMTs), and extensive field knowledge. Map accuracy was evaluated based on independent ground survey data as well as compared with available sub-national level statistics. The producers’ and users’ accuracies of the cropland fallow classes were between 75% and 82%. The overall accuracy and the kappa coefficient estimated for rice classes were 82% and 0.79, respectively. The analysis estimated approximately 22.3?Mha of suitable rice-fallow areas in South Asia, with 88.3% in India, 0.5% in Pakistan, 1.1% in Sri Lanka, 8.7% in Bangladesh, 1.4% in Nepal, and 0.02% in Bhutan. Decision-makers can target these areas for sustainable intensification of short-duration grain legumes.     

采用滞留水量的洪水淹没计算

针对城市地区暴雨致洪问题以及快速、科学分析处理洪涝灾害的应急测绘保障服务工作要求,该文提出了一种基于滞留水量的洪水淹没计算分析方法。采用美国水土保持局提出的模型计算降雨产水量,结合区域排水能力,河网、湖泊、水库调蓄水能力和境外来水量,实现区域滞留水量计算分析;在此基础上,利用数字高程模型数据和洪水淹没分析方法,实现区域淹没水深和淹没范围计算分析。研究区实例计算验证结果表明:该方法能够满足应急测绘保障服务工作要求,快速为相关部门洪涝灾害分析提供科学决策依据。