Chemical weathering intensity and element migration features of the Xiashu loess profile in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province

The chemical weathering intensity and element migration features of the Xiashu loess profile in Zhenjiang are studied in this paper. (1) The Xiashu loess profile underwent moderate chemical weathering. It seems that the precipitation is a more important factor than the temperature in controlling the process of the chemical weathering. (2) The major elements such as Si, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Mn and P were migrated and leached, while the elements Fe and Ti were slightly enriched. The migration features of the major elements reveal that the Xiashu loess finished the primary process of chemical weathering characterized by leaching of Ca and Na, and almost reached the secondary process characterized by leaching of K. Except the elements Sr and Ga, other trace elements such as Th, Ba, Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, Cr and V were enriched. It might be caused by both the biogeochemical process and the adsorption of trace elements by clay mineral and organic materials. (3) The difference of element migration down the Xiashu loess profile reveals that the climate was warm and wet at the early-middle stage of the middle Pleistocene. At the end of the middle Pleistocene, it became dry and cool. At the early stage of the Late Pleistocene, the paleoclimate became warm and wet again. As a whole, the paleoclimate generally became drier and cooler in this region from the beginning of the middle Pleistocene.     

考虑裂尖塑性区影响的水力压裂缝高计算模型

储层可压性的准确评价是储层压裂设计和压后产能评估的重要前提。目前,采用岩石力学参数进行页岩可压裂性评价取得了较好的现场应用效果。因此,如何准确获取岩石力学参数成为至关重要的问题。通过建立一种基于物理信息约束的神经网络模型,该模型采用物理和数据双驱动,仅使用少量数据就能够实现岩石力学参数的准确预测。为验证模型性能的优异性,采用人工神经网络、随机森林和XGBoost模型与之进行对比。结果表明,物理信息约束的神经网络在少量数据下预测岩石力学参数的平均准确率高于95%,性能远优于其他模型。采用物理信息约束的神经网络预测得到弹性模量、泊松比、抗拉强度和断裂韧性4种岩石力学参数,基于岩石力学参数对储层可压性的影响,建立了基于脆性指数和力学参数的可压性评价方法。最后,以渤海湾盆地沧东凹陷K2段不同储层可压性为例进行验证。结果表明：研究区整体可压性较好,其中,纹层状混合质页岩可压裂指数高于0.7,可压性良好;纹层状长英质页岩、厚层状灰云质页岩和薄层灰云质页岩可压裂指数均处在0.4~0.7,可压性中等。评价结果与实际施工现场各储层日采油量进行对比,证实了可压性智能评价方法的可靠性,该方法可以推广至页岩储层可压性评价工作中。

     

铅离子污染对桂林红黏土力学性质影响的试验研究

桂北地区铅锌矿产资源的开采对红黏土土层产生了不同程度的污染,为研究铅离子污染对桂林红黏土力学性质的影响,对其重塑样进行三轴不固结不排水剪切试验,测试获得了不同铅离子浓度、作用时间、围压下的应力-应变关系曲线、弹性模量、抗剪强度参数的变化规律。研究结果表明：铅离子污染对桂林重塑红黏土的力学性质有着显著的影响,随着铅离子浓度的增加,土体力学性质随之衰减,并在浓度最大值（1.0%）时达到最低;铅离子污染红黏土应力-应变曲线均呈硬化型,但是随着铅离子浓度的增大,以及围压的增大,其硬化的趋势均有所减弱;弹性模量、抗剪强度随着浓度的变化有着明显的衰减,但是抗剪强度参数在所选的作用时间梯度内其变化并不明显,说明铅离子污染能够在较短时间内完成对土体结构的主体破坏。     

Application of HVSR to estimating thickness of laterite weathering profiles in basalt

Lateritic weathering profiles (LWPs) are widespread in the tropics and comprise an important component of the Critical Zone (CZ). The Hawaiian Islands make an excellent natural laboratory for examining the tropical CZ, where the bedrock composition (basalt) is nearly uniform and rainfall varies greatly. This natural laboratory is employed to assess the utility of the HVSR (horizontal/vertical spectral ratio) method to characterize the shear-wave velocity (V_s) structure of LWPs, particularly the depth to the contact between saprolite and basalt bedrock. LWP thicknesses determined from HVSR provide good agreement with multi-channel analysis of surface waves (MASW) profiles, well logs and outcrop. LWP thicknesses may be estimated from the fundamental mode equation or through forward models. Prior knowledge about the subsurface from well, outcrop, and MASW profiles may greatly aid modeling in some cases. For the 3.2 to 1.8 Ma Koolau Volcano on Oahu, the downward rate of advance of the weathering front varies from 0.004 to 0.041 m/ka. For the 0.44 to 0.10 Ma Kohala Volcano (Big Island of Hawaii) rates vary from 0.013 to 0.047 m/ka. Simple H/V spectra develop in areas where the combined effects of time and elevated rainfall produce thick LWPs with a flat base and a general absence of core stones with an ideal layered geometry. Abundant buried core stones violate the assumption of simple layered geometries and scatter acoustic energy, leading to uninterpretable results. This is common where low rainfall and a young basaltic substrate leave abundant core stones as well as an undulating contact between saprolite and bedrock. Velocity inversions (high V_s intervals within low V_s saprolite) may also be present and originate from relatively intact bedrock horizons or mineralogical changes within saprolite. At Kohala, a gibbsite-rich horizon produces such a velocity inversion due to enhanced weathering and subsequent collapse of saprolite in a discrete horizon. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水域地震映像法及其在海洋地质调查中的应用

随着水上(海洋)地质调查的迅速发展,曾在陆地地质调查中发挥过重要作用的地震映像法便延伸到水域(海洋)地质调查中来。但由于水陆环境不同,水域地震映像法的工作原理与陆域地震映像法并不相同,它只是一种浅层地震反射波探测方法——当其采用单道接收时,即为海洋地质调查中的单道地震调查;当其采用多道接收时,即为海洋地质调查中的高分辨率多道地震调查。同时,由于水域映像法在其声波发射及接收系统上有其独到之处,在海洋地质调查中可作为水域浅地层剖面测量及地震调查的补充。     

Chemical weathering associated with tafoni at Papago Park,central Arizona

Papago Park, Arizona, is a pediment-inselberg complex that hosts a variety of well developed tafoni and alveolar weathering forms. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the nature of chemical weathering associated with the tafoni using backscatter electron microscopy (BSE) and quantitative wavelength dispersive X-ray analysis (WDS). Calcium-rich and iron-rich coatings occur on the outer shells of the tafoni. Calcium carbonate precipitation within mineral microfractures occurs on the underside of the tafoni. Chemical weathering of primary mineral grains provides a source of material found in the coatings. The WDS analyses show a near-complete lack of salt-forming elements. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

云南松根系对土壤牵引效应测试系统的设计与实现

目前在野外对云南松根系与土壤的机械效庆的研究，由于测试研究受多种因数的影响，开展研究困难较大，研究精度也受到一定程度的影响，这对较深入的描述根系与土壤相互作用的机械效应带来一定的困难。本文基于这一实际，设计了能在室内和野外进行实时测试分析的测试系统，并配套了支持PCMCIA插槽的DAQP－12型模数转换（A／D）卡，以及直流电供电的QT－300型调理装置。结合所配套的硬件，利用Visual C在Windows95/98平台编写了软件，经过实际试验测试，系统各项性能能够满足云南松根系对土壤的机械效应研究的测试分析要求。     

Flexural deformation controls on Late Quaternary sediment dispersal in the Garo-Rajmahal Gap,NW Bengal Basin

Subsurface deformation is a driver for river path selection when deformation rates become comparable to the autogenic mobility rate of rivers. Here we combine geomorphology, soil and sediment facies analyses, and geophysical data of the Late Quaternary sediments of the central Garo-Rajmahal Gap in Northwest Bengal to link subsurface deformation with surface processes. We show variable sedimentation characteristics, from slow rates (<0.8 mm/year) in the Tista megafan at the foot of the Himalaya to nondeposition at the exposed surface of the Barind Tract to the south, enabling the development of mature soils. Combined subsidence in the Tista fan and uplift of the Barind Tract are consistent with a N-S flexural response of the Indian plate to loading of the Himalaya Mountains given a low value of elastic thickness (15–25 km). Provenance analysis based on bulk strontium concentration suggests a dispersal of sediment consistent with this flexural deformation—in particular the abandonment of the Barind Tract by a Pleistocene Brahmaputra River and the current extents of the Tista megafan lobes. Overall, these results highlight the control by deeply rooted deformation patterns on the routing of sediment by large rivers in foreland settings.     

HUMAN IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT: UNPREDICTABILITY AND THE PRIMACY OF PLACE

Landscapes, environments, and ecosystems (i.e., places) are historically and spatially contingent and therefore unique. Generalizations and laws are based on “all other things being equal.” Owing to historical and spatial contingency, all other things are never completely equal and often do not approach that ideal closely enough to allow for reliable prediction. The problem is illustrated by examining effects of grazing and fire suppression on transitions between grass and woody vegetation communities. In three different environments in the southern United States (central Texas, southwestern Virginia, and eastern North Carolina), three different relationships exist between grazing and fire regime, and vegetation. Other examples are common in the geographic and environmental literature. This suggests that the search for a single applicable generalization or predictive model of a given human-induced environmental change that can be applied without accounting for the particular characteristics of places may be futile. Several general ways to address this issue are suggested. First is the recognition that place matters. Conditions specific to a location or region will influence what, how, or even if generalizations apply. Second is the adoption of a “demographic” approach. This is based on the idea that for places, like people, it is possible to make aggregate or probabilistic generalizations or predictions, but these cannot be applied to deterministic prediction of individuals. Third is a synoptic approach based on forecasting not via simple cause-effect relationships, but based on a typology of situations that recognizes and incorporates the unique characteristics of site and situation. Several converging threads of inquiry in geography and geosciences explicitly or implicitly address the issue of historical and spatial contingency. [Key words: landscape, environment, place, prediction.]     

The biaxial compression mechanical properties of crushed rock

Crushed rock subgrade, as one of the roadbed-cooling methods, has been widely used in the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. Much attention has been paid on the cooling effect of crushed rock; however, the mechanical properties of crushed rock are somehow neglected. Based on the discrete element method, biaxial compression test condition for crushed rock is compiled in FISH language in PFC^2D, and the natural shape of crushed rock is simulated with super particle "cluster". The effect of particle size, crushed rock strength and confining pressure level on overall mechanical properties of the crushed rock aggregate are respectively analyzed. Results show that crushed rock of large particle size plays an essential framework role, which is mainly responsible for the deformation of crushed rock aggregate. The strength of gravel has a great influence on overall mechanical properties which means that strength attenuation caused by the freeze thaw cycles cannot be ignored. The stress-strain curves can be divided into two stages including shear contraction and shear expansion at different confining pressures.