Spatio-temporal analysis of tree height in a young cork oak plantation

Cork oak is one of the most valuable natural forest genera in the Mediterranean basin. Modelling cork oak growth has been a challenge for foresters in recent years because of strong site and genetic influences, below-ground competition, management regimes and age effects. Because cork productivity is related to forest height, which is, in turn, related directly with site characteristics, an increase in the accuracy of height prediction implies improved productivity estimation. A Bayesian maximum entropy (BME) geostatistical model was applied to characterize the space–time pattern of height of young cork oak in a forest stand from central Sardinia in the years 2000, 2002, 2003, 2006 and 2008. Cork oak height maps were produced for each of the 5 years. The main goals were to analyse and interpret through time (i) the changes in spatial correlation and (ii) the changes in spatial distribution of cork oak height. The plantation was characterized by an increasing spatial dependence through time, whereas the temporal range was 2 years. Cork oak height was significantly correlated with wind speed (reduced by a neighbouring forest) in all the years implying a single trend. The correlations were larger for 2006 and 2008 than for previous years. Three other environmental variables (shade, elevation and slope) were less significant and their influence restricted to 2 years only. This research has several implications for the management of cork oak in the young phase.     

Modelling load–displacement response of driven piles in cohesionless soils under tensile loading

A new methodology for deriving the uplift load–displacement response of long driven piles in cohesionless soils is proposed. This method accounts for the effects of the friction fatigue processes during pile driving and the existence of locked-in residual stresses at the end of pile driving before commencing the pile load test. A hyperbolic formulation is utilized to simulate the nonlinear load transfer curves (the so-called t–z curves). The utility of this technique is demonstrated for a field pullout load test on a driven pile in sand. Predicted and measured load–displacement curves showed good agreement, indicating that this approach yields reasonable results as long as representative input parameters are employed.     

负温条件下激光位移传感器的标定

在使用激光位移传感器测试冻土位移中,由于测试现场环境条件恶劣,厂家给出的传感器线性度会降低,因此,需要对所有传感器在使用前应模拟使用时的环境条件重新进行标定。为验证激光位移传感器在冻土测试中的适用性,依据德国森萨帕特FT-50RLA220型激光位移传感器的结构、使用特点、技术指标,设计了由控温箱、标定支架、激光位移传感器、量块及数据采集装置组成的标定的装置,进行了不同负温条件下对激光位移传感器标定,并依据标定试验结果进行拟合参数修正,得到不同环境温度下的试验结果的线性度和迟滞特性。试验结果表明：不同的环境温度下,两个激光位移传感器与标准厂家测试曲线存在差异,不同负温条件下标定的两个激光位移传感器的拟合优度R²分别为0.999和1;线性度最大值分别为0.88%FS和0.32%FS。     

基于高阶统计的时变子波估计及其应用

地震子波估计是地震资料高分辨处理、解释的基础,快速准确地估计地震子波具有重要意义。笔者利用三谱估计子波的振幅谱,根据峰度最大值准则提取子波的相位,规避了相位的卷绕问题,并讨论了该准则的适用条件。比较了不同窗函数的特性,最终选定Hamming窗函数滑动求取时变子波。利用变频雷克子波模型讨论了时变子波提取的有效性。应用到实际资料处理中,与不同主频的雷克子波标定的地震记录进行对比分析。结果表明:该方法使得子波振幅谱估计更加稳定,相位谱估计更易于实现,与实际情况更加符合。     

Numerical study of the 3D failure envelope of a single pile in sand

The paper presents a comprehensive study of the failure envelope (or capacity diagram) of a single elastic pile in sand. The behavior of a pile subjected to different load combinations is simulated using a large number of finite element numerical calculations. The sand is modeled using a constitutive law based on hypoplasticity. In order to find the failure envelope in the three-dimensional space (i.e. horizontal force H, bending moment M and vertical force V), the radial displacement method and swipe tests are numerically performed. It is found that with increasing vertical load the horizontal bearing capacity of the pile decreases. Furthermore, the presence of bending moment on the pile head significantly influences the horizontal bearing capacity and the capacity diagram in the H–M plane manifests an inclined elliptical shape. An analytical equation providing good agreement with the 3D numerical results is finally proposed. The formula is useful for design purposes and the development of simplified modeling numerical strategies such as macro-element.     

软土地基某泵闸深基坑支护失稳分析及处理

介绍了某泵闸基坑灌注桩围护位移及钢管支撑受力过程,对造成支护失稳原因进行了详细分析,探讨基坑设计及施工工艺存在的问题,介绍了支护失稳后抢险、围护补强、防渗加固及支撑体系补强等措施,同时对加固补强处置效果进行了分析,得出相关结论及建议,为类似基坑顺利施工提供了一定依据。     

基于间断位移场的隧道围岩承载能力研究

岩体是岩石块体和分割这些块体的边界的组合体。沿边界面(结构面)的局部剪切变形使得位移场产生间断,对岩体的力学性能产生巨大的影响。采用光滑函数组合来描述滑移面上的间断,得到反映岩体沿着边界局部剪切的数学模型。利用此局部剪切模型得出了应力–滑移关系具有强化阶段时圆形坑道围岩自身承载能力的解析表达式,研究了岩体滑移面对坑道围岩自身承载能力的影响。通过分析得到,自承能力在深部坑道围岩的稳定中发挥了重要作用,应力–滑移关系的强化段对围岩承载力有着很大的影响;围岩压力与坑道的埋深、坑道的尺寸以及围岩的物理力学性质等具有直接关系;围岩出现不稳定的动力现象(岩爆)与此岩体参数m关系极大,而岩体参数与接触面的软化程度、能量转移、耗散结构的几何尺寸以及弹性模量有关。     

夯扩桩成桩过程引起的挤土效应分析

夯扩桩在成桩过程中会产生挤土效应。通过采用柱形孔扩张理论，推导出砂土中形成扩大头时引起的挤土影响半径和土体位移，并对一工程实例进行了分析。     

基于? -SVR算法的隧道围岩位移演化规律预测

针对目前广泛应用的灰色理论、遗传算法(GA)和人工神经网络(ANN)等方法预测隧道稳定性的缺陷，提出应用稳健性能较好的? -SVR（support vector machine）算法对非对称连拱隧道围岩位移演化规律进行预测研究。应用加速混合遗传算法搜索? -SVR最优参数，以提高? -SVR的预测能力。将预测结果与灰色理论、BP神经网络预测结果进行比较，显示? -SVR算法学习和预测精度高。