全球页岩油形成分布潜力及中国陆相页岩油理论技术进展

全球非常规页岩层系油气资源丰富,富有机质页岩主要沉积在劳亚构造域和特提斯构造域的上侏罗统、渐新统—中新统、白垩系和上泥盆统4套页岩层系内。交汇分析北美典型页岩油区块产量与R_o数据关系,提出R_o为0.7%作为低熟页岩油和中高熟页岩油的界限,系统评价了全球116个盆地157套页岩层系中高熟页岩油、低熟页岩油技术可采资源量约2 512亿t,主要分布在北美洲、南美洲、北非和俄罗斯,以前陆盆地中新界、克拉通盆地古生界、裂谷盆地和被动大陆边缘盆地的中生界为主。海相页岩油受显生宙以来的海侵影响,富集在稳定克拉通和前陆等类型盆地中,具大面积稳定分布、成熟度适中等特征;陆相页岩油受暖室期气候影响,主要在坳陷、断陷等类型盆地中发育,以微纳米级无机孔隙和微页理裂缝为主要储渗空间通道,具有沉积相横向变化大、“甜点区段”局部富集等特征。中国石油工业正经历从“陆相页岩生油”向“陆相页岩产油”转变,初步形成源岩油气“进源找油”地质理论、陆相页岩油高效勘探及低成本开发技术体系,推动中国陆相页岩油取得重要突破。着力加强应用基础理论研究与关键技术攻关,构建地质-工程一体化模式,...     

地球化学模式及成因初探

如何对已发现的地球化学异常进行解释与评价，一直是困扰勘查地球化学家的难题。针对这一难题，笔者提出了地球化学模式的3种分类方案：规模分类、成因分类和成熟度分类。按照规模大小将地球化学模式分为：局部异常、区域异常、地球化学省、地球化学巨省和地球化学域， 同时将规模达地球化学省以上，并且内部具有套合结构特点的立体地球化学模式称作地球化学块体。地球化学模式依成因可分为原生地球化学模式和次生地球化学模式。成熟度分类是笔者首次提出，地球化学模式的成熟度是指地球化学异常相对于矿的关系而言的。笔者将地球化学模式按成熟度的不同，依次分为原始地球化学模式，中间地球化学模式和终极地球化学模式。提出成熟度分类是试图为科学利用所发现的地球化学模式进行异常解释与评价提供理论依据。     

岩浆弧火成岩构造组合与洋陆转换

本文从岩浆弧的火成岩构造组合、主要地质特征和弧地壳成熟度几个方面,讨论洋陆转换作用及其过程。表征洋俯冲环境的火成岩构造组合主要有英云闪长岩—奥长花岗岩—花岗闪长岩(TTG)组合,高镁安山岩组合,镁安山岩组合,Adakite组合(即高锶低钇中酸性岩)与富铌弧玄武岩组合等。基于火成岩构造组合的配置,讨论了4种可能的洋俯冲壳的壳幔结构:(1)热的年轻的俯冲洋壳与上覆冷的幔楔岩石圈;(2)冷的老的俯冲洋壳与冷的幔楔岩石圈;(3)冷的老的洋壳与热的幔楔软流圈;(4)热的年轻的俯冲洋壳与上覆幔楔软流圈。讨论了弧岩浆前锋作为结构标志以及空间组成极性的构造意义;讨论了弧火山作用的时间极性与弧成熟度及其地壳厚度之间的正相关关系,提出岩浆弧地壳双层结构的模型,下地壳主要为玄武质的基性麻粒岩和角闪岩,上地壳为长英质的TTG片麻岩,相当于大陆壳形成的第一阶段,即新生陆壳。岩浆弧及其洋—陆过渡性的弧地壳是洋俯冲作用形成的洋陆转换带(或增生造山带)的最重要的记录。     

辽河盆地过渡带有机地球化学（Ⅱ）──甾萜烷及芳烃系列化合物成熟度参数在过渡带内的系统变化特征

所研究的辽河盆地东部凹陷沙一、沙二段烃源岩主要处于未成熟演化阶段,其可溶有机质中甾萜烷立体化学参数显示出“地质型”异构体的“异常”富集。各参数在普遍高于各自门限值的背景上,大致以２２００—２３００ｍ、２５００ｍ、２７００ｍ和２７７０ｍ为界线,呈现出系统的变化规律。同时发现萘、菲、氧芴和硫芴等系列化合物的成熟度参数与甾萜烷的成熟度参数的变化规律十分相似。本文对比进行了深入研究,结合原始可溶有机质红外特征吸收参数的变化特征,指出过渡带内甾萜烷及芳烃成熟度参数的变化规律受控于原始可溶有机质的演化特征,定性地提出了辽河盆地东部凹陷过渡带的地球化学判识标志,并认为本研究结果同样有助于不同地区过渡带气或未成熟油、低成熟油的判识。     

Estimating fish length and age at 50% maturity using a logistic type model

We propose a two-parameter logistic type model for estimating fish length and age at 50% maturity using the nonlinear least-squares method. The independent and dependent variables in the model are length (or age) and the corresponding arcsin-square-root transformed proportion of mature fish (P_i). The two parameters in the model are length (or age) at 50% maturity (L50 or A50) and instantaneous rate of maturation (K). A simulation study was conducted to examine the statistical behaviour of the proposed model in estimating L50 and K. The L50 was well estimated with a small bias (<1%) using the proposed model in all simulation cases. The K was well estimated (bias < 1%) when its true value and the variance in P_i were small. The proposed model was found to have relatively smaller bias than the probit and Lysack's methods in estimating L50 (or A50). To examine whether there are significant differences in maturation patterns between different groups of fish, we propose fitting the maturation data to the proposed model, and then conducting an analysis of residuals sum of squares to test whether there are significant differences in the fitted models.     

南黄海盆地崂山隆起CSDP-2井中—古生界海相地层吸附烃类气体成因类型与源区特征

通过对南黄海盆地崂山隆起CSDP-2井不同时期地层吸附烃类气体分子及碳、氢同位素组成分析,探讨了吸附烃类气体成因类型和源区特征。崂山隆起不同时期地层的吸附烃类气体含量具有明显差异,主要富集层位依次是坟头组、孤峰组、船山组、栖霞组和黄龙组。吸附烃类气体富集受地层岩性、有机质含量、烃类气体运移等多种因素控制。孤峰组主要显示烃源岩特征,而坟头组、船山组、栖霞组和黄龙组主要显示储层特征。各时期地层吸附烃类气体主要为热成因类型,其中孤峰组、坟头组和栖霞组由于受同型不同源气或同源不同时期气的混合而部分偏离热成因区。吸附烃类气体的源区有机质类型属于Ⅱ型干酪根（海相源岩）,其中,有些层位有Ⅲ型干酪根（陆相源岩）的混入。吸附烃类气体热成熟度Ro在0.6%~1.6%之间,处于成熟到过成熟范围。研究成果为南黄海盆地崂山隆起区中—古生界海相油气勘探提供了地球化学依据。     

阜新凹陷白垩系源岩生烃特征及天然气成因

对阜新凹陷白垩系源岩生烃基本条件进行了详细分析,并结合原油、天然气特征及油源对比研究,认为研究区存在浅湖相泥岩和沼泽相煤系源岩(由煤和泥岩构成)2种不同沉积环境下形成的烃源岩。2种源岩虽然层位不同,但在其有机质丰度和类型上并不存在较大的差异,生烃特征也基本相似,都具备成气为主、成油为辅的煤成烃特征,有机质成熟度及烃源岩的分布控制了源岩在整个演化过程中的生烃类型和数量。研究表明:在有机质受热演化的各个阶段,都会伴随着不同类型有机成因气的产出,未成熟阶段为煤型生物气,成熟—高成熟阶段主要为煤型热解气,还伴生少量的石油。     

Organic geochemical characterization of Santonian to Early Campanian organic matter-rich marls (Sondage No. 1 cores) as related to OAE3 from the Tarfaya Basin,Morocco

In addition to previously analyzed sediments of Cenomanian to Santonian age in the Tarfaya Sondage No. 2 well, this study presents the results of a stratigraphically younger interval of Santonian to Early Campanian age in the adjacent well Tarfaya Sondage No. 1. This interval is part of the oceanic anoxic event 3 (OAE3), which occurred mainly in the Atlantic realm. Due to known high quality source rocks related to OAEs (i.e. Cenomanian–Turonian), the investigated sample section was tested for the quality, quantity and kind of organic matter (OM), describing also the depositional environment. The study was carried out by means of (i) elemental analysis (C_org, CaCO₃, TS), (ii) Rock–Eval pyrolysis, (iii) vitrinite reflectance measurements, (iv) gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and (v) GC-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Total content of organic carbon (C_org), values for the hydrogen index (HI) (mainly in the range 500–700 mg/g C_org) and S₂ values (10–40 mg/g rock), support the assumption of a high petroleum generation potential in these Upper Cretaceous sediments. TS/C_org ratios as well as pristane/phytane ratios indicate variable oxygen contents during sediment deposition, representing a typical depositional setting for the Late Cretaceous and are in good agreement with previously analyzed data in the Tarfaya Basin. Phyto- and zoo-plankton were identified as marine sourced. All of the investigated Early Campanian and Santonian samples are immature with some tendencies to early maturation. These results are based on vitrinite reflectance (0.3–0.4% VR_r), T_max values (409–425 °C), production indices (PI; S₁/(S₁ + S₂)< 0.1) and n-alkane ratios (i.e. carbon preference index). As the deposition of these sediments is time related to OAE3, the depositional environment was characterized by oxygen-deficiency or even anoxic bottom water conditions. This situation was favored during the Cretaceous greenhouse climate by limited oxygen solubility in the then warmer ocean water. Furthermore, local factors related to nutrient supply and primary bioproductivity led to the exceptionally thick, Upper Cretaceous organic matter-rich sedimentary sequence of the Tarfaya Basin.     

The calculation of hydrocarbon-generating temperature — Theory and practice

How to quantitatively evaluate the maturity of crude oils is still an open question. Mango discovered a remarkable compositional invariance of four isoheptane ratios in crude oils, and proposed a steady-state catalytic model for the origin of light hydrocarbons. According to this model, 2,4/2,3 dimethylpentane ratio is a pure temperature parameter. Bement, Mango et al. established the functional equation between the two parameters--light hydrocarbon temperature and burial temperature and applied it to the calculation of hydrocarbon-generating temperature, which provided a new choice for the study of oil maturity. In this paper, the Mango＇s parameters for hydrocarbons from the Tazhong area were calculated, the average K1 value is 1.06, which is in good consistency with the Mango＇s proposal that the K1 value is relatively stable. Calculated with the functional formula of hydrocarbon-generating temperature, the hydrocarbon-generating temperatures are with the range of 120-129℃, and the converted vitrinite reflectance （Ro） varies from 0.88% to 0.90%. This is well consistent with the maturity characteristics of neohopanes. The results have verified the reliability of this method.