利用地震海洋学方法研究南海东北部东沙海域内孤立波的结构特征

多尺度动力过程是当前海洋学研究的重点。地震海洋学能在数百km的剖面上获得分辨率为10 m的高质量数据,基于该数据能够解析涡旋边缘的亚中尺度动力现象（如北冰洋地震剖面研究发现的漂亮旋臂）和内孤立波的振幅垂向结构,并能够进行内孤立波波形变化与混合参数分布叠合分析等,本文对这些方面获得的新认识和新进展进行了综述。同时,共偏移距剖面叠前偏移方法充分利用多道地震的多次覆盖特点,获得随时间变化的一系列地震图像,为地震海洋学在海洋内部结构的时空演变研究方面增添了利器。因此,地震海洋学提供的新的时空视角必将在海洋多尺度动力过程研究中起到重要作用。     

鄂尔多斯盆地低渗透油气藏形成研究现状与展望

鄂尔多斯盆地是中国规模最大的低渗透油气资源勘探与开发基地,其低渗透油气藏具有油层物性差、非均质性强、油藏成藏因素复杂、油藏分布受多种因素联合控制等特点。在回顾鄂尔多斯盆地低渗透油气藏成藏理论研究和勘探历史经验基础上,认为目前鄂尔多斯盆地低渗透油气藏成藏研究存在两大理论体系,即沉积学控制成藏理论和运移动力学控制成藏理论,前者从沉积特征出发,强调储层砂体沉积相、非均质性和成岩作用在低渗透性油藏形成中的控制作用,后者从石油运移与聚集过程出发,强调运移动力学在初次运移和二次运移中的重要作用。但是目前低渗透油气成藏研究存在一定的局限性和片面性,过分强调了单个地质因素的作用,其中沉积学控制成藏理论局限于沉积相划分和沉积模式建立方面,过多地强调了沉积相对成藏因素静态的控制作用,而忽视了油气成藏过程的动态属性;运移动力学控制成藏理论却过分强调了油气流体运移过程的模式化和公式化,过分夸大和随意解释了油气运移成藏记录——油气包裹体的作用及其原始地质意义,轻视了深部地层条件下油气运移的复杂性和油气包裹体记录的多解性。因此,传统的单因素控制油气成藏理论和相应的勘探研究方法已经不能确切揭示油气富集规律和有效指导勘探工作。低渗透油气藏成藏理论研究趋势是要重视分析油气藏地质记录,动态研究油气藏形成和演化历史过程,总结油气富集规律,为油气勘探战略部署提供重要资料。     

Effects of Deep Fluids on Hydrocarbon Generation and Accumulation in Chinese Petroliferous Basins

Deep fluids in a petroliferous basin generally come from the deep crust or mantle beneath the basin basement, and they transport deep substances(gases and aqueous solutions) as well as heat to sedimentary strata through deep faults. These deep fluids not only lead to large-scale accumulations of CO_2, CH_4, H_2, He and other gases, but also significantly impact hydrocarbon generation and accumulation through organic-inorganic interactions. With the development of deep faults and magmatic-volcanic activities in different periods, most Chinese petroliferous basins have experienced strong impacts associated with deep fluid activity. In the Songliao, Bohai Bay, Northern Jiangsu, Sanshui, Yinggehai and Pearl Mouth Basins in China, a series of CO_2 reservoirs have been discovered. The CO_2 content is up to 99%, with δ~(13)C_(CO2) values ranging from-4.1‰ to-0.37‰ and ~3He/~4He ratios of up to 5.5 Ra. The abiogenic hydrocarbon gas reservoirs with commercial reserves, such as the Changde, Wanjinta, Zhaozhou, and Chaoyanggou reservoirs, are mainly distributed in the Xujiaweizi faulted depression of the Songliao Basin. The δ~(13)CCH4 values of the abiogenic alkane gases are generally -30‰ and exhibit an inverse carbon isotope sequence of δ~(13)C_(CH4)δ~(13)C_(C2H6)δ~(13)C_(C3H8)δ~(13)C_(C4H10). According to laboratory experiments, introducing external H_2 can improve the rate of hydrocarbon generation by up to 147% through the kerogen hydrogenation process. During the migration from deep to shallow depth, CO_2 can significantly alter reservoir rocks. In clastic reservoirs, feldspar is easily altered by CO_2-rich fluids, leading to the formation of dawsonite, a typical mineral in high CO_2 partial pressure environments, as well as the creation of secondary porosity. In carbonate reservoirs, CO_2-rich fluids predominately cause dissolution or precipitation of carbonate minerals. The minerals, e.g., calcite and dolomite, show some typical features, such as higher homogenization temperatures than the burial temperature, relatively high concentrations of Fe and Mn, positive Eu anomalies, depletion of 18 O and enrichment of radiogenic ~(87)Sr. Due to CO_2-rich fluids, the development of high-quality carbonate reservoirs is extended to deep strata. For example, the Well TS1 in the northern Tarim Basin revealed a high-quality Cambrian dolomite reservoir with a porosity of 9.1% at 8408 m, and the Well ZS1 C in the central Tarim Basin revealed a large petroleum reserve in a Cambrian dolomite reservoir at ~6900 m. During the upward migration from deep to shallow basin strata, large volumes of supercritical CO_2 may extract petroleum components from hydrocarbon source rocks or deep reservoirs and facilitate their migration to shallow reservoirs, where the petroleum accumulates with the CO_2. Many reservoirs containing both supercritical CO_2 and petroleum have been discovered in the Songliao, Bohaiwan, Northern Jiangsu, Pearl River Mouth and Yinggehai Basins. The components of the petroleum trapped with CO_2 are dominated by low molecular weight saturated hydrocarbons.     

P-SV反射转换波的倾角时差校正（DMO）方法研究

倾角时差校正（ＤＭＯ）方法对于复杂地质构造条件下的纵波反射波（Ｐ－Ｐ）的多次覆盖地震数据的叠加具有显著的提高信噪比的效果．对于转换反射波（Ｐ－ＳＶ）来说,进行倾角时差校正（ＤＭＯ）处理就更需要．本文首先对Ｐ－ＳＶ波的倾角时差校正（ＤＭＯ）的几何原理进行了分析,然后重点研究用波动方程进行ＤＭＯ的方法,即Ｐ－ＳＶ转换反射波的叠前部分偏移的波动方程法．这种方法也适用于Ｐ－Ｐ反射波的叠前部分偏移处理．研究结果表明,波动方程ＤＭＯ方法在振幅保真方面比几何原理的ＤＭＯ方法有显著改善．     

三维高阶深度偏移方程及其数值求解方法

从三维非均匀介质中的波动方程出发,利用拟微分算子理论,Ｐａｄｅ逼近方法及因式分解技巧,获得了非均匀介质的三维高阶深度偏移方程,相应地提出了逐次低阶方程方法、低阶方程组方法及分裂方法等３种求解方法．与二维情形不同,以上每一种方法在数值求解时均存在由测线坐标ｙ的出现而带来的困难．为了克服这一困难,我们提出了差分算子分解方法,避免了近年来人们竞相研究的ｘ－ｙ方向微分算子分裂带来的分裂误差,保持了应有的相容性,解决了这一令人烦恼的问题．     

地质雷达方法在上海市轨道交通明珠线工程中的应用

地质雷达方法在上海市轨道交通明珠线工程中的应用表明,此方法在探测地下障碍物中能依靠雷达图象识别其类型、材质、深度等,有利于快速、准确定位,有一定的优越性。     

共接收点倾斜叠加波动方程偏移

共接收点倾斜叠加波动方程偏移,本质上是一种叠前偏移方法.每给定一个斜率P,对经过叠前（动校正前）常规处理的地震记录中的各共接收点道集,沿直线t=τ+px进行倾斜叠加,就形成一个共接收点倾斜叠加剖面.对之进行波动方程偏移,该偏移剖面将代表地下真实构造.对一系列的p,我们可以得到一系列这样的偏移剖面.对它们作共接收点叠加,偏移叠加剖面的信噪比将超过水平叠加剖面.本文导出了在均匀、水平层状及非均匀介质条件下的共接收点倾斜叠加波动方程偏移算法.     

兰坪白秧坪铜银多金属矿床成矿物质来源的铅和硫同位素示踪

白秧坪铜银多金属矿床主要产于白垩系下统景星组石英砂岩、粉砂岩中,矿石铅同位素组成特征与景星组砂岩的铅同位素组成比较接近,表明壳源物质参与了成矿作用。作ZartMan图解和Δγ-Δβ图解表明,矿石铅属于壳幔混合来源。矿石铅μ值介于9.43~9.65之间,Th/U比值介于3.72~3.87之间,表明矿石铅为壳幔混合铅。该矿床硫同位素组成表明,硫来源于深部地幔硫遭受地壳硫的混入。该矿床的成矿作用发生于开放体系之中,成矿物质来源为深部幔源物质混合了壳源物质。     

On the enhanced confining pressure aproach to the mechanics of reinforced soil

Summary A review is presented of conceptual approaches that are currently in use for interpreting the operation of reinforced soil. The concepts of enhanced confining pressure and of reduced normal tensile strains are found to be closely related to current experimental and theoretical investigations as well as to the design methodologies available at present for reinforced soil applications. Focusing on the enhanced confining pressure concept, analytical expressions are developed that allow the estimation of the value of equivalent confining stress increase when the properties of soil and reinforcement and the state of stresses acting on a cylindrical reinforced soil element are known. The derived expressions can also be utilized for estimating the soil-reinforcement friction angle from the results of triaxial tests on cylindrical samples reinforced with horizontal layers of reinforcement.     

模拟CO_2埋藏的煤储层元素迁移实验研究

采用高压超临界CO2地球化学反应器对CO2在煤储层中的地质埋藏进行模拟,利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)以及电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)分别对淋滤液和煤样中的10种微量元素进行测试,对煤中微量元素在CO2的地质埋藏过程中的迁移进行了实验研究。结果表明:在CO2的地质埋藏过程中对煤的有机组成和无机矿物等均具有改造作用,从而影响到煤中微量元素的赋存和迁移特征,Cr、Zn、Cu等元素迁移能力相对较强,而Co、Ba、V等元素相对较弱;元素迁移能力大小顺序为:CrZnCuNiCdMnCoBaV。