全球植被与大气之间碳通量的模式估计

用大气植被相互作用模式(AⅥM)模拟了全球陆地植被的净初级生产力(NPP)。AⅥM由相互耦合的两部分组成：物理过程，包括陆地表面水分和能量在土壤、植被与大气之间的传输；以及生理生态过程，如：光合、呼吸、干物质分配、凋落和物候等。全球的植被分为13类，土壤按质地分为6类。用EMDI提供的全球1637个包括不同植被类型的NPP观测点数据对模型进行了检验。NPP模拟的结果表明：全球陆地植被的平均NPP为405.13 g C m-2yr-1，不同植被类型的平均NPP变化范围在99.58 g C m-2yr-l(苔原)到996.2 g C m-2yr-l(热带雨林)之间。全球年总NPP为60.72 Gt C yr-l，其中最大的部分为热带雨林，15.84 Gt C yr-1，占全球的26.09％。最大的碳汇是在北半球的温带。模式模拟的NPP在全球的空间和季节分布是合理的。     

DEVELOPMENT OF A COUPLED REGIONAL AIR-SEA MODEL AND ITS NUMERICAL SIMULATION FOR SUMMER MONSOON IN 1998

A coupled regional air-sea model is developed by using the regional climate model (P-σ RCM)and the regional ocean model (POM),which is used to simulate East Asian monsoon and oceanicelements in East Asian coastal waters.The simulated surface layer oceanic elements are basicallyconsistent with the reality and can reflect the interaction between the monsoon and the surfacelayer currents.The great difference with the reality is “cold drift” of the simulated surfacetemperature.The coupled model has certain ability to simulate the atmosphere geopotential heightfields,precipitation and low-level southwest wind from May to August in 1998.It can display theprocess of summer monsoon onset during the third dekad of May and the evolution features afterthe onset.The differences between the simulation results of the coupled model and that of thesingle P-a RCM are shown mainly in the low-level atmosphere and the model internal regions.     

分形城市引力模型的一般形式和应用方法--关于城市体系空间作用的引力理论探讨

基于分形思想和城市规模-产出关系推导出城市引力模型的一般形式Iij=GijMaiiMajjR-bij,论证了参数a和b的分维性质,并将引力系数定义为Gij=G|Rij,|/(1+Sij),式中Rii为i、j两城市的相关系数,Sij为二者的相似系数,G为量纲转换系数.以长春城镇体系和郑、汴、洛点-轴系统为实例说明了模型的应用方法,并指出了城市引力数值的相对性特征.作者发现,城镇体系各要素的引力之和Fi=∑Iij,在一定时空条件下满足位序-规模法则F(k)=F1K-q(k=1,2,…,n);这也表明,借助引力计算可以揭示城市体系某些隐含的地理规律.     

大型结构地震反应值模拟中的波动输入

解耦的时域有限元数值模拟技术在考虑土－结构相互作用的大型结构地震反应分析中的应用日趋成熟。为完善其中的波动输入技术，本提出 了一种波动输入时步数值模拟的简便方法，替换对自由场的频域计算，从而使结构反应分析可以完全通过时步数值模拟实现。同时，通过数值实现，对这一实施方案的有效性进行了检验。     

Equivalent fixed-base models for soil-structure interaction systems

To simplify the consideration of the soil-structure interaction (SSI) effects, a single degree-of-freedom (SDOF) replacement oscillator has been successfully utilized to represent an SSI system with SDOF structural model. In the present paper, this approximation is first extended to an equivalent fixed-base model with modified system parameters. Based on this generalization, a methodology is then proposed to determine the equivalent fixed-base models of a general multi degree-of-freedom SSI system using simple system identification techniques in the frequency domain. Various fixed-base models are formulated and their accuracy is compared for a five-story shear building resting on soft soil. It is shown that the actual SSI system can be accurately represented with an appropriate fixed-base model.     

STUDY OF PHYSICAL PROCESSES AFFECTING THE TRANSFORMATION OF COLD AIR OVER LAND AFTER OUTBREAK OF COLD WAVES IN EAST ASIA

Authors have studied the transformation processes of cold air over land in East Asia for eight cases which occurredin different months of 1981.First,the surface eddy sensible and latent heat fluxes,and drag coefficient were estimatedaccording to the approach of similarity theory.Then,the apparent heat source,the apparent moisture sink,and solarand long-wave radiative heating(or cooling)were further calculated through the budget method and physicalparameterization algorithm.It has been found that the cold air immediately starts the transformation process over landonce it moves away from its region of origin.In winter,the degree of transformation of cold air mass gradually intensi-fied as it travelled southeastward;while arriving in the ocean,the cold air mass underwent the most significant transfor-mation process.In summer,the most vigorous transformation of thermal and moisture fields was observed in NorthChina and Mongolian region,with much greater intensity than that in winter.     

大尺度降雨异常对地面过程的影响——一类气候反馈机制的初步研究

本文以华北地区春季两个多雨年和两个少雨年为例,研究半干旱地区大范围持续性降雨对地面物理过程的影响。 根据地面边界层热通量和辐射通量的参数化公式以及地面水份倾向方程,计算分析了春季降雨异常增多后地面热状况、热量平衡各分量和水文状况的变化,发现降雨异常增多后,地面土壤温度和地面气温明显降低,土壤湿度和地面蒸发潜热明显增大,地面反照率也有所降低。值得指出的是,地面物理状况的变化相对于降雨异常过程有明显的时间上的后延现象,在空间场上有较好的配合关系。     

Hydrodynamic effects in a reservoir with semicircular cross-section and absorptive bottom

A three-dimensional dam-reservoir system under seismic load is analysed. The dam is assumed to be rigid. The reservoir is an infinite channel with semi-circular cross-section. The exact analytical solution, based on the assumption of potential fluid motion is presented, as well as numerical results for selected parameters.The most significant parameters are: the direction and frequency content of the seismic input; the radiation damping at the reservoir bottom; and the compressibility of the fluid. The response of the system depends strongly on the direction of the input ground motion. This is shown by the transfer functions as well as by the pressure time histories due to two earthquakes with different frequency content. The energy absorption at the reservoir bottom is important. A simple plane-wave model shows, that even for a rock foundation, the amount of transmitted energy can reach up to 80%. For comparison the case without bottom absorption is also shown. Compressbility has to be included to capture the resonance effects. The exact analytical solution is also used to verify numerical results obtained by a new method that combines a finite element model with a rigorous radiation boundary for the infinite channel in the time domain.