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三维数字影像测量技术综述 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
三维数字影像测量是近两年发展起来的工程测量与数字摄影测量相结合的产物。利用全站仪、GPS激光扫描仪来获得控制点和目标特征点数据,结合数字摄影测量方法进行三维建模。工程测量的方法灵活、准确,解决了定位、测量等问题;摄影测量方法高效、免接触解决校准、建模、匹配等问题。这一方法可以实时提供目标表面几何数据及三维纹理贴图。在地形图测绘,地理信息系统更新,自动生成等高线及横纵断面采样,文物保护,工业产品测量,人像识别,三维景观制作等方面有广阔的前景。是一个非常值得注意的研究方向。 相似文献
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基于遥感和GIS的水土流失因子信息提取与分级定标研究--以攀枝花市为例 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
以攀枝花市为例,主要选用美国陆地卫星2003年的Landsat-7 ETM+遥感数据、1∶10万地形图,运用ERDAS/IMAG INE遥感图像处理软件及M apG IS软件提取对水土流失影响较大的植被覆盖度、地形坡度、沟谷密度、土地利用类型等因子;根据中华人民共和国行业标准《土壤侵蚀分类分级标准》(SL 190-96),建立攀枝花市水土流失强度面蚀分级指标,为进一步水土流失监测研究提供科学依据。 相似文献
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A distributed overland flow model is presented and the test results compared with those of the unit hydrograph (UH) model. Infiltration excess in the overland model was calculated using both a modified Green and Ampt (G–A) method and a more complicated method that keeps track of the soil moisture content. The two‐dimensional partial differential flow equations with kinematic flow approximation were solved using both backward‐central explicit and implicit finite‐difference schemes. Moreover, a baseflow component was added to the flow model. Each part of the model was built by replacing a process by a parallel process or by adding a completely new component. When the model was developed and validated in small agricultural fields in southern Finland, comparisons were made between corresponding processes and the significance of added components were estimated in order to find out whether increased model complexity improves the model performance. Apart from the basic model, all the other distributed models outperformed the UH approach. The implicit scheme was clearly more accurate than the explicit scheme, and the baseflow component improved the results significantly. There was no major difference between the performances of the infiltration models, but the G–A method was more stable and much faster. The approaches that were best in the calibration were also the best in the verification. The full distributed model provides a potential method for running water‐quality models and testing their different processes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
997.
Calibrating a comprehensive, multi‐parameter conceptual hydrological model, such as the Hydrological Simulation Program Fortran model, is a major challenge. This paper describes calibration procedures for water‐quantity parameters of the HSPF version 10·11 using the automatic‐calibration parameter estimator model coupled with a geographical information system (GIS) approach for spatially averaged properties. The study area was the Grand River watershed, located in southern Ontario, Canada, between 79° 30′ and 80° 57′W longitude and 42° 51′ and 44° 31′N latitude. The drainage area is 6965 km2. Calibration efforts were directed to those model parameters that produced large changes in model response during sensitivity tests run prior to undertaking calibration. A GIS was used extensively in this study. It was first used in the watershed segmentation process. During calibration, the GIS data were used to establish realistic starting values for the surface and subsurface zone parameters LZSN, UZSN, COVER, and INFILT and physically reasonable ratios of these parameters among watersheds were preserved during calibration with the ratios based on the known properties of the subwatersheds determined using GIS. This calibration procedure produced very satisfactory results; the percentage difference between the simulated and the measured yearly discharge ranged between 4 to 16%, which is classified as good to very good calibration. The average simulated daily discharge for the watershed outlet at Brantford for the years 1981–85 was 67 m3 s?1 and the average measured discharge at Brantford was 70 m3 s?1. The coupling of a GIS with automatice calibration produced a realistic and accurate calibration for the HSPF model with much less effort and subjectivity than would be required for unassisted calibration. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
998.
SCE-UA算法优化土壤湿度方程中参数的性能研究 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
借助于一维土壤湿度模型,分别将土壤成份和土壤性质相关参数作为待优化的参数,通过观测系统模拟试验的方式,评估SCE-UA (Shuffled Complex Evolution Algorithm) 优化算法对这些参数的优化效果。结果表明:优化的效果不仅依赖于参数的取值范围,还依赖于参数的敏感性,敏感的参数通过优化算法易得到最优值;不敏感的参数存在“不敏感区间”,在“不敏感区间”中易陷入次优,通过缩小参数优化分布区间和增加优化的次数可以部分提高优化的效果。此外,模型的超定性也可能导致参数次优值的出现,而通过恰当地给出参数之间的约束条件和优化判据,可以提高参数优化的效果。 相似文献
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