土工格室对黄土路堤边坡抗冲刷的试验研究

在黄土地区,植被恢复很慢,由于黄土本身的特性以及突发性的暴雨,对路堤边坡的冲蚀作用十分明显,甚至造成路基的坍塌。用格室防护黄土路堤边坡的冲刷试验研究,目前尚未见报道。通过一系列对比试验并详尽分析,发现土工格室对黄土路堤边坡冲刷防护的效果明显。在此基础上,对土工格室的冲刷防护机理进行了初步探讨。     

Accounting for the influence of runoff on event soil erodibilities associated with the EI30 index in RUSLE2

Soil erodibilities (K) associated with the EI₃₀ index vary not only with soil properties but also with soil moisture as it varies in time and space. In Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation Version 2 (RUSLE2), temporal variations in soil erodibility in the USA are calculated using monthly precipitation and temperature as independent variables. K_UM, the soil erodibility factor associated with the Q_REI₃₀ index, varies independently of runoff and the product of K_UM and the runoff ratio for the unit plot (Q_R1) provides an alternative to the temporally varying Ks currently used in predicting storm soil loss in RUSLE2. Comparisons were made between the product of Q_R1 and K_UM and RUSLE2 Ks for representative storms at four locations representing the north to south variation in climate in the USA. Peak erosion associated with the current approach used in RUSLE2 was slightly higher at two locations and slightly lower at the other two locations. One other location, Morris, MN, provided an exception with the peak loss predicted by using the product of Q_R1 and K_UM being 1.7 times that obtained using RUSLE2 Ks. In theory, average annual K_UM values should be better related to soil properties than the average annual values of K frequently used when the average annual values of EI₃₀ are used to predict soil loss. However, work has yet to be performed to determine how K_UM varies directly with soil properties and in space and time. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

贵州省黔西县龙场煤矿南回风立井地面预注浆工程得失探讨

龙场煤矿南回风井采用立井开拓方式,设计直径φ5.5m,掘深268m。根据井检施工报告,揭露断层破碎带一处,含水层3段,预计涌水量37m^3/h。按照立井施工规范,必须进行预注浆处理。为此,设计共分三个层序,每层序各3孔共9孔（其中最后层序3个孔为检验加强孔）。因业主不同意施工第三层序孔,预注浆处理后井筒涌水量将近10m^3/h,但仍未达到全井少于6m^3/h的目的,以致未达到设计目的,增加了施工难度,延缓了工期。本文就注浆施工从设计到施工进行剖析,指出施工中的得失,对类似工程有指导作用。     

Concentrations and transport of different forms of phosphorus during snowmelt runoff from an illite clay soil

During a 16 day period with pronounced snowmelt via surface runoff, high water concentrations (usually 0·4–0·5 mg l^?1) of dissolved molybdate‐reactive phosphorus (MRP) were detected in surface runoff water from a clay soil of illite type. Other phosphorus fractions defined were: phosphorus in particles with a higher settling coefficient than 80 000 S (SPP); colloidal phosphorus caught on filters with a pore size of 0·2 µm but with a smaller settling coefficient (CPP); and dissolved phosphorus not reacting with molybdate (DUP). The order of concentrations was MRP > SPP > CPP > DUP. Nearly identical amounts of MRP, CPP, and DUP (in total 0·3 kg ha^?1) were lost from a grass–clover ley and a ploughed soil. However, more of the heavier phosphorus‐containing material was lost from the ploughed area. In drainpipe water, CPP was the largest fraction (28%), and in stream water from mixed arable/forest land, MRP dominated (33%). Loss on ignition of the settling material slowly decreased from 10 to 8% (dry weight) during the snowmelt period. Total phosphorus concentrations in the material followed the runoff pattern, with slightly higher phosphorus concentrations during fast runoff. The large amounts of readily dissolved or colloidal‐bound phosphorus (70–80%) transported from this clay soil during snowmelt are discussed with regard to the use of grass buffer strips as a measure against phosphorus losses from arable land. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同雨强对裸露坡地水土流失的影响研究

运用坡面径流小区法,研究了闽北裸露坡地水土流失与不同雨强的关系,结果表明：1）裸露坡地径流量受雨强的影响较小,小雨和中雨时径流量与雨强呈线性相关,大雨时径流量与雨强不相关．2）雨强对土壤流失量的影响高于对径流量的影响．在降雨量相近的情况下土壤流失量与平均雨强呈线性关系．3）各时段雨强与裸露坡地的土壤流失量的相关性表现为,I10〉I30〉I60,在不同雨型时均以I10的拟合效果最好．     

青海省气象干旱对粮食产量的影响及其评估方法研究

气象干旱是青海省发生最为频繁的气象灾害之一, 具有出现频率高、 持续时间长、 影响范围广等特点, 对农业生产造成极大的影响, 严重的干旱少雨之年常使农业大幅度减产, 甚至绝收. 为了研究气象干旱对青海省粮食产量产生的影响, 根据拉格朗日插值方法给出了青海省无干旱时"期望产量"的确定方法, 并据此求算出历年干旱对青海省粮食产量的损失量值, 然后依据农作物不同生育期所发生的干旱的强度、 范围以及作物对干旱的敏感度等关系, 建立了干旱损失量的统计和评估模式. 在2006-2010年青海省粮食产量评估中进行应用, 5 a中有4 a误差小于5%, 仅2006年误差百分率达到-9.38%; 由此, 证明了运用干旱损失评估方法, 可以评估出干旱对粮食产量的损失量, 从而评估出青海省的实际粮食产量, 效果较好, 可以在青海省今后的粮食产量预报和评估中推广应用.     

基于GIS的初评估方法在盈江5.8级及缅甸7.2级地震后的应用

在“3·10”盈江5.8级及“3·24”缅甸7.2级地震发生后,对比基于GIS的地震灾害损失初评估方法,在震后1小时内给出的云南灾区范围、灾区人口、灾害直接经济损失、人员伤亡、失去住所人数的初评估结果与地震现场评估结果,来验证该方法的可行性和实用性.通过对比分析,找出基于GIS的初评估方法存在的问题,并期望通过实际地震的检验,不断发现问题,并改进、完善该方法,使之能更好为震后的科学决策和快速应急响应服务.     

Water losses in arid and semi-arid zone: Evaporation, evapotranspiration and seepage

The primary purpose of this study was to assess water losses by evapotranspiration, evaporation and seepage in arid zone.Normally, evaporation and seepage are the main causes of water losses.For modeling water losses,a combination of Genetic Programming(GP),Penman-Monteith(PM) and Penman combination model for measurement of evapotranspiration,evaporation and seepage has been developed.The results were found to be varying depending on how the evaporation and seepage phenomena are modeled.These results show that that there is an improvement in reducing evapotranspiration,evaporation and seepage losses in arid and semi-arid region.     

Direct displacement loss assessment of existing RC buildings pre- and post-seismic retrofitting: A case study

The seismic retrofitting of a high-rise RC building, recently realized in Italy using the seismic isolation technique, is examined in terms of cost of the intervention (compared to the replacement cost of the building), seismic performances and expected benefits (compared to the building in the as-built configuration), expressed in terms of reduction of direct and indirect seismic losses in case of attainment of different limit states.In the paper, the comparison of the building performance before and after seismic retrofitting is performed in terms of Expected Annual Loss (EAL), applying a direct displacement-based loss assessment approach. The results show a considerable reduction of the EAL (approximately of 70%), passing from the as-built to the retrofitted configuration. The time needed to get the balance between costs of the intervention and benefits due to EAL reduction turns out to be of the order of 13 years.     

云南地区地震受灾人口与经济损失评估

地震灾害损失评估标准实施以来,云南地区共发生过46次破坏性地震。以46次破坏性地震的灾害损失评估资料为基础,分析了受灾人口与地震灾害经济损失的相关性,结果为两者呈非线性关系。提出利用受灾人口数据进行地震灾害损失快速预估的简便方法,并应用所提的方法对2001年云南地区7组地震的灾害损失进行了分析研究。