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61.
白建斌 《云南地理环境研究》2009,21(5):36-41
洪江市位于湖南省的西部,地形以山地为主,属于地质灾害多发区。由于自然和人类工程一经济活动的影响,以滑坡、崩塌为主的地质灾害时有发生。这些地质灾害严重危害了人民的生命财产,造成了重大的损失。通过调查与评估,到2008年底为止,全市发生各类大小的地质灾害共77处,其中滑坡66处、崩塌8处、地面塌陷1处、地面沉陷1处、泥石流1处,导致死亡5人,毁房234间,毁田26.4hm^2(396亩),直接经济损失达到642.5万元,间接经济损失更是达到了8744.0万元。 相似文献
62.
Forest soil is an important component of the natural environment, and is a primary medium for many biological activities. In this study, soil loss and displacement by excavator and bulldozer (heavy equipments) were measured on cut and fills slopes of forest roads located in Mazandaran province, lran. The volumes of soil losses were estimated by prismoidal analyses of cut and fill slopes deformation between two time treatments (under subgrading and two years later) in slope classes of 30-50% and 50-70%. Weights of soil losses were calculated by multiplying the volumes of soil losses (cm^3) to the general bulk density (1.3g/cm^3). Soil displaced area by heavy equipment was evaluated according to earth working width. Results indicated that heavy equipment has significant effect on deformation of cut slope gradient and fill slope length (p〈0.0001). During the two-year period, the cut (p〈0.0002) and fill (p〈0.0001) slope gradients were significantly deformed in different slope classes. The average soil loss by excavator and bulldozer were 160.35 t/ha·yr and 429.09 t/ha·yr, respectively. Moreover, the soil displaced area during the subgrading process by bulldozer was greater than excavator in both two slope classes (p〈0.05). Soil loss and displacement in forest roads can be rednced by applying powerful excavators in subgrading project, especially in steep terrains. 相似文献
63.
Two classes of anthropogenic landforms can be recognized in the permafrost environment of northern Alaska. Primary anthropogenic landforms result from the operation of natural geomorphic processes on man-made features such as roads or gravel berms. Secondary anthropogenic forms are identical to natural geomorphic features, but evolve as indirect consequences of human actions. The first group is illustrated by a badly thermokarsted road, which has caused serious drainage disruptions likely to persist over a long time period. Secondary forms are exemplified by fields of palsa-like features, which are common where pipeline-related construction activities or structures cause shallow ponding. Because they evolve rapidly, anthropogenic permafrost landforms can provide great insight into the development of natural periglacial features. 相似文献
64.
柯长青 《中国地质灾害与防治学报》2006,17(4):91-96
2004年12月26日印度尼西亚苏门答腊岛西北近海发生ML9级强烈地震。地震的强度是100a来全球非常罕见的。地震引起了巨大海啸,浪高近10m,波及到东南亚、南亚和东非地区10多个国家,造成近30万人遇难。地震使印度尼西亚、泰国的部分岛屿发生了地形变化。海啸在受灾国留下了大片的盐碱地。苏门答腊板块边缘的一个长距离破裂带通过长时间积累,蓄积了巨大能量。这些能量在2004-12-26集中释放出来。导致了这次地震海啸的发生。地震海啸灾害本身规模巨大,发生异常突然,再加上受灾地区人员密集,缺乏海啸灾害逃生的知识和经验。印度洋沿岸国家没有海啸预警系统,是造成这次灾害巨大伤亡的原因。中国从台湾-海南岛一线的海区,存在地震海啸的可能性。因此应不断完善海啸预警系统,提高沿海地区建设工程的防灾抗灾标准,加强防波堤建设以及采取恢复红树林等生物工程措施,预防潜在的海啸灾害。 相似文献
65.
太湖丘陵地区典型坡面土壤侵蚀与养分流失 总被引:19,自引:1,他引:19
建立了基于137Cs技术的土壤侵蚀的定量模型,采用有关土壤养分流失方程,对太湖地区典型坡面的土壤侵蚀和土壤养分流失进行初步估算.结果表明,研究地区的典型坡面存在着一定的土壤侵蚀,林地各个剖面点的土壤侵蚀模数平均为1313.6 t/(km2 @a),而菜地所在的微地貌部位土壤侵蚀更达5185.68 t/(km2 @a).土壤侵蚀主要受植被覆盖和人为耕作的影响,侵蚀量的大小排序为坡麓菜地>坡中马尾松林地>竹林地>坡顶马尾松林地.选择的典型坡面存在着一定的土壤养分流失,林地有机质、全氮、全磷与全钾的平均流失量亦分别高达28.29,1.38,0.35和16.76 t/(km2 @a),养分流失量大的地貌部位的土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾含量低,而土壤侵蚀微弱的坡顶林地土壤养分含量较高.菜地土壤养分流失量最大,但由于施肥作用,土壤养分含最高.太湖丘陵地区的土壤侵蚀与养分流失不仅关系到本地区土壤肥力的退化,并对太湖水体环境质量的产生影响. 相似文献
66.
67.
影响大吨位预应力长锚索锚固力损失的因素分析 总被引:19,自引:2,他引:19
通过对水利水电工程岩体加固中常采用的大吨位预应力长锚索锚固力变化规律的分析,详细讨论了影响预应力锚索锚固力变化的钢材松弛、岩体强度与性质、施工质量、锚索结构与环境变化等因素,得出了不同影响因素对预应力长锚索锚固过程中锚固力损失的影响效应。观察表明,引起锚索锚固力损失的最主要因素是岩体的变形与施工质量。根据岩锚实测资料的统计分析,进一步提出了各影响因素与锚固力损失间相应的经验关系,最后,提出了控制锚固力损失的工程措施,可供相关锚索设计与施工时的参考。 相似文献
68.
69.
During 1990–1996 the United States experienced record-setting insured property losses due to numerous weather catastrophes,
each event causing $100 million or more in losses (1991 dollars). The total loss in this 7-year period, after adjustment to
inflation and other factors, was $39.65 billion with $15 billion coming from one event, Hurricane Andrew. In the 1990s, 72
catastrophes occurred, half of the total number in the 40 preceding years, 1950–1989. Although the total loss and the number
of catastrophes were exceptionally high in the 1990s, the average loss per event was $551 million, only slightly more than
the $467 million average for catastrophes during 1950–1989. Furthermore, storm intensities in the 1990s were slightly less
than those during the preceding 40 years, revealing the excess losses of the 1990s to be a result of an extremely large number
of damaging storms causing losses exceeding $100 million. Examination of historical values of most weather extremes including
hurricanes, floods, and tornadoes, did not show an increase during the 1990s, revealing that weather changes were not the
principal cause of more catastrophes. Examination of recent demographic shifts in the U.S. reveals two changes, each based
on major re-locations to higher-valued property concentrated in areas either with a high frequency of damaging storms (Gulf
and East Coast), or to where even a small but intense storm can cause huge losses (urban areas and West Coast). These shifts,
plus the continuing growth of population in other storm-prone areas have greatly increased society's vulnerability to storm
damage. An in-depth analysis of many conditions was required to establish that the high losses and numerous catastrophes of
the 1990s were largely the result of societal changes and not major weather changes.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
70.
Damage Potential and Losses Resulting from Snow Avalanches in Settlements of the Canton of Grisons,Switzerland 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
In the field of natural hazards, risk is usually expressed as a function of probability of occurrence and damage potential. A key factor in the development of avalanche risk is a change in damage potential. In this paper, the development of damage potential and losses is analysed for settlements in the canton of Grisons, Switzerland for the period between 1950 and 2000. The spatial development patterns of the residential population and the insured value of buildings on a municipal level are described. These patterns are overlain by an accentuated occurrence of avalanches that caused damage to buildings. Extensive results from areas threatened by avalanches in the municipality of Davos are presented. Although the natural avalanche activity remained constant during the last decades, the total amount of damage decreased due to mitigation measures. The example of the municipality of Davos shows that mitigation measures are able to compensate an increase of tangible assets which leads to a reduced avalanche risk compared to earlier decades. 相似文献