浅水环境中垂向圆形纯射流的试验研究

对静止均匀浅水水域中的铅垂圆形单孔射流进行了试验研究,试验是在实验室的自制恒定水流循环系统中进行的。得到了水面的隆起高度与射流出口单位能量和相对水深的函数关系;验证了隆起高度分布具有自相似性,并给出其统一表达式;借助于三维测速仪,得到了射流流速的横断面分布、射流中线流速的衰减规律和流场的流函数等值线。     

长期循环荷载作用下排水条件对饱和软黏土动力特性影响

由于软黏土渗透系数很小,目前针对饱和软黏土的循环荷载试验绝大多数都是在不排水条件下进行的。但对交通荷载而言,软黏土承受经年累月的长期循环荷载作用,实际的排水条件应该是部分排水的。基于此,通过对温州原状饱和软黏土进行不同循环应力比下的不排水和部分排水大周数（50 000次）循环三轴试验,分析了长期循环荷载作用下排水条件对饱和软黏土动力特性的影响。研究结果表明与不排水条件相比,部分排水条件下软黏土试样的动力特性表现出很大的不同。随着循环次数的增加,部分排水条件下的孔压随先增加后降低,存在一个峰值;经过较大的循环次数后,回弹应变逐渐减小,应力-应变滞回圈逐渐缩短,面积也明显减小。为了准确预测交通荷载作用下的长期沉降,采用部分排水条件进行试验是十分必要的。     

直角分水口水流形态的实验研究

对分水口前水流形态进行了研究,测量了分水口前不同水深处的平面流场,初步给出了分水口前水流的运动形态,分析了分水宽度沿水深的变化规律。     

西安地区旱涝气候的长期变化

根据西安丰富的历史旱涝史料,建立了近１５００年旱涝序列,并采用滑动滤波、功率谱分析、谐波分析等方法,对西安地区旱涝气候的长期变化进行分析。     

Runoff and sediment yield from land under various uses in a Mediterranean mountain area: long‐term results from an experimental station

In this study we analyzed runoff and sediment yield from land under various traditional and current land uses in Mediterranean mountain areas, using long‐term data from an experimental station in the Aísa Valley, Central Spanish Pyrenees. Monitoring at this station has provided 20 years of data that can help explain the hydrological and geomorphological changes that have been observed at larger spatial scales, and also the changes that have occurred to some of the most characteristic landscapes of the Mediterranean middle mountains. In spite of the problems associated with the use of small experimental plots, the results obtained are consistent with other studies in the Mediterranean region, and confirm the strong influence of land use changes on runoff generation and sediment yield. The results indicate that: (i) cereal cultivation on steep slopes (both alternating cereal cultivation and fallow on sloping fields and shifting agriculture on the steepest slopes) represents a major problem for soil conservation. This explains the occurrence throughout the Mediterranean mountains of many degraded hillslopes, which show evidence of sheet wash erosion, rilling, gullying and shallow landsliding; (ii) farmland abandonment has led to a marked reduction in runoff and sediment yield as a consequence of rapid plant recolonization, particularly by dense shrubs; (iii) the natural transformation of abandoned fields into grazing meadows has reduced runoff and sediment yield. Land use trends in the Mediterranean mountains are mainly characterized by generalized farmland abandonment and a decrease in livestock pressure. From a hydrological and geomorphological point of view the main consequences have been a reduction in overland flow from the hillslopes, and a reduction in sediment sources, with differences up to one order of magnitude in sediment yield from dense shrub cover and grazing meadow areas compared with areas under shifting agriculture. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

High‐resolution seismic monitoring of instrumented buildings using a model‐based state observer

This paper proposes a model‐based state observer to perform high‐definition response estimation in partially instrumented building structures. The proposed estimator is verified in a simulated five‐story shear‐building structure and validated using measurements from a seven‐story reinforced concrete building slice tested at the NEES‐University of California at San Diego shake table. In both cases the proposed estimator yielded satisfactory results by estimating the time history of shear forces, bending moments, displacements, and strains at various points/sections of interest. The proposed algorithm can be used in instrumented buildings for various practical applications such as post‐earthquake damage assessment, structural control, and building code calibration. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

考虑蠕变性状的港区软土地基参数反演和长期沉降预测

结合上海某集装箱码头建设项目,针对本工程深厚淤泥质黏土的场地条件,引入Mesri蠕变模型考虑堆场地基的长期蠕变变形。利用施工期和工后短期实测分层沉降资料,由最小二乘法建立目标函数,运用分层迭代反演方法反演得到各软土层的黏弹性参数;将反演得到的土层参数代入自行编制的沉降计算软件,计算得到地基沉降量,并将计算值与实测值进行对比,对比结果证明了参数反演的可靠性;利用反演得到的土层参数对工后的长期沉降进行了预测,为本工程的安全运营提供了指导。     

南京市灰霾天气的长时间变化特征及其气候原因探讨

以南京市1954—2012年的逐日气象数据分析南京市灰霾天的长时间变化规律并从气候角度探讨其变化原因。南京市的霾日数近60 a来呈现明显上升趋势,从20世纪50年代的40 d/a已增加至21世纪的230 d/a左右,气象行业标准界定的霾日与人工观测的霾日长期变化趋势一致,前者在南京市具有较好的适用性。南京市雾霾混合日呈现出先增加后下降的趋势,其对应的相对湿度在不断降低,这可能是雾霾日向霾日转换,雾霾日数降低而霾日数增多的关键因素。南京地区能见度不断降低,近30 a里约下降8.4 km,霾日数与能见度相关系数高达-0.91,随着能见度的降低,灰霾天数几乎线性增加。南京地区的年平均相对湿度在1985年以后大幅降低,已从约80%下降至68%左右,湿度与霾日的相关系数为-0.72,随着湿度的降低,霾日呈上升趋势。南京年平均温度1985年后明显上升,升高了1.8℃,其中冬季上升幅度最大,夏季上升幅度最小;年均温度与霾日数呈现出明显正相关,和相对湿度呈现明显负相关,温度的升高将造成相对湿度的降低,进而造成霾日增多。南京的年平均风速1978年后不断降低,到20世纪末约降低1.5 m/s,风速与霾日呈现出显著的负相关,随着平均风速的降低,霾日数不断增多。在全球变暖的大气候背景下,南京市霾的长时间变化受到各种气候因子的影响,能见度、相对湿度、温度和风速都是重要的影响因素。     

利用GMS－4红外云图资料定量测量淮河流域汛期降水

提出和介绍了利用ＧＭＳ－４红外云图资料定量测量淮河流域汛期降水的ＣＴ－ＴＲＣ（ｃｌｏｕｄｔｏｐｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｒａｉｎｆｕｌｌｃｕｒｖｅ，云顶温度－降水量曲线）方法及实现步骤，并结合个例进行了分析。     

广州地区酸雨长期变化趋势分析

根据1992—2012年的酸雨观测记录,对广州地区的酸雨变化特征及其长期趋势进行了统计分析。结果表明,近21年,广州地区酸雨年、季、月变化明显,降水年均pH最低出现在1998年,其年均pH为3.43,最高出现在2012年,其年均pH为4.65。降水pH大体经历了两个阶段,1998年以前降水pH呈现波动式下降,平均变化率约为-0.14a-1,1999年后降水pH逐年增大,特别是2009年后降水pH稳步增长,平均变化率约为0.03a-1;春季酸雨污染严重,夏、秋季次之,而冬季酸雨污染相对较轻;各月降水pH均较低,pH最高月出现在12月,平均值为4.36,2月pH最低,为3.95。在污染源稳定的情况下,降水强度影响pH,降水量增大时,降水pH越高,降水电导率K也越低;风速越大,降水pH则越高,降水电导率K则越小,酸雨发生频率也越小;风向影响降水pH,出现偏西风时,酸雨污染相对严重。