Response of the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Suspension Bridge under spatially varying multi-point earthquake excitations

The study aims at investigating the structural behavior of the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Suspension Bridge, i.e. the second Bosphorus Bridge in Turkey, under multi-point earthquake excitations, and determining the earthquake performance of the bridge based on the results obtained from this analysis. For this objective, spatially varying ground motions in triple direction were produced for each support of the bridge considering the Mw=7.4 scenario earthquakes on the main Marmara Fault. In order to simulate the ground motions, modified stochastic finite-fault technique was utilized. Taking the ground motions into account, non-linear time-history analysis was carried out, and the results obtained from the analysis were compared to those from uniform support earthquake excitation to identify the effects of multi-point earthquake excitations on the seismic performance of the bridge. From the analysis, it was determined that modal response of the towers and the deck was mostly effective on dynamic response of the entire bridge rather than other structural elements, such as cable and approach viaduct. Compared to the results obtained from simple-point earthquake excitation, noticeable axial force increase in the cable elements was obtained under multi-point earthquake excitation. The changes at the main cable and the side span cable were determined as 21% and 18%, respectively. This much increase in the cable elements led to increase in axial force at the towers and in shear force at the base section of the tower column. These changes in the structural elements were closely related to response of the deck and the towers since they had considerable contribution to response of the entire bridge. Based on the findings from the study, spatially varying ground motions has to be considered for long span suspension bridges, and the multi-support earthquake analysis should be carried out for better understanding and obtaining reliable results necessary for retrofitting and performance evaluation.     

强震作用下超高桥墩动力稳定性理论研究

根据平截面假定,考虑超高桥墩大位移变形产生的几何非线性影响,建立超高桥墩的振动控制微分方程,利用变步长的龙格-库塔法进行求解,结合B-R运动判定准则,对超高桥墩在地震作用下的动力失稳机理进行研究。理论分析表明,超高桥墩的动力失稳与桥墩的几何尺寸、质量分布、边界条件有密切关系;桥墩动力失稳时刻随地震波加速度峰值的增大而减小;失稳时刻与失稳加速度荷载有对应关系。算例结果表明:本文方法正确,利用本文理论能够准确计算超高桥墩的失稳时刻及失稳加速度,对超高桥墩动力失稳的理论分析及工程实践有重要指导意义。     

粗颗粒间液桥毛细力演化规律的动态计算方法

水力特性是非饱和土力学理论与工程的重要课题之一,土样水力特性的变化过程本质上可反映为土颗粒间毛细力的演化规律。为此,以粗颗粒为研究对象,将其简化为一对不等径球体颗粒,而其间的水分形态可视为形如圆环的液桥,不考虑颗粒重力和浮力的影响。以Young-Laplace方程为基础,先推得计算液桥毛细力的控制方程组,再结合液桥的无量纲体积最大、最小值及其外曲率半径的割线迭代算法提出求解毛细力的动态计算方法,进而研究毛细力与颗粒间距、颗粒半径比和液桥体积的无量纲关系,结果表明：当颗粒间距一定时,液桥的毛细力随其体积和颗粒半径比增大均呈递增趋势;当液桥体积一定时,其抗拉刚度随颗粒间距增大呈递减趋势。最后,利用已有文献中液桥毛细力与颗粒间距的实测关系,验证了该动态计算方法在表征液桥从形成至断裂时毛细力演化规律的有效性。     

钢管混凝土拱桥海上应用实例

近年来钢管混凝土拱桥建设在全国迅速发展,型式多样、各有千秋。本文就大跨度全钢系杆拱在大连新港50万吨级进口原油码头引桥上的成功应用做以下介绍。     

桩承式加筋路堤作用机理理论分析与数值模拟

软土地基上填筑高路堤常常面临地基承载力不足、沉降和不均匀沉降过大等问题。桩承式加筋路堤能够有效地解决这些难题。通过理论分析和有限元数值模拟,研究了路堤填土-加筋材料-桩体-桩间土之间的相互作用机理,讨论了路堤填土中的土拱效率、桩体效率、路堤底面差异沉降和筋材拉力的变化规律。研究结果表明,填土中的土拱效应和筋材张力膜效应能够有效地提高桩体效率,防止软土屈服;筋材内部拉力呈非线性分布,桩顶边缘处筋材拉力最大。     

Earthquake response of concrete arch dams: a plastic–damage approach

There are several alternatives to evaluate seismic damage‐cracking behavior of concrete arch dams, among which damage theory is the most popular. A more recent option introduced for this purpose is plastic–damage (PD) approach. In this study, a special finite element program coded in 3‐D space is developed on the basis of a well‐established PD model successfully applied to gravity dams in 2‐D plane stress state. The model originally proposed by Lee and Fenves in 1998 relies on isotropic damaged elasticity in combination with isotropic tensile and compressive plasticity to capture inelastic behaviors of concrete in cyclic or dynamic loadings. The present implementation is based on the rate‐dependent version of the model, including large crack opening/closing possibilities. Moreover, with utilizing the Hilber–Hughes–Taylor time integration scheme, an incremental–iterative solution strategy is detailed for the coupled dam–reservoir equations while the damage–dependent damping stress is included. The program is initially validated, and then, it is employed for the main analyses of the Koyna gravity dam in a 3‐D modeling as well as a typical concrete arch dam. The former is a major verification for the further examination on the arch dam. The application of the PD model to an arch dam is more challenging because the governing stress condition is multiaxial, causing shear damage to become more important than uniaxial states dominated in gravity dams. In fact, the softening and strength loss in compression for the damaged regions under multiaxial cyclic loadings affect its seismic safety. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

岩溶天生桥纵向分层旅游开发方式——以重庆黔江蒲花天生桥群为例

本文按发育岩性(可溶岩和非可溶岩), 发育规模(如桥高、拱高、跨度等), 桥下河谷的发育特征(常年性、季节性河流和干谷), 及发育成因(地表和地下), 提出天生桥的4大分类方案, 简要介绍和概括了近年来中国发现的典型岩溶天生桥的类型、分布格局、发育规模及景观组合和对比特征。然后以重庆黔江蒲花天生桥群为例, 初步分析和探讨了它的形成与演化, 系统分析和评价了它的资源系统, 通过与黔江区、武陵山区旅游资源及国内其它相似景区的对比, 概括其资源特色为“一河两桥三窗”, 并结合其市场条件, 将旅游开发主题定格为“桥下游暗河, 桥上走天桥, 上游漂激流”, 提出“一心二带一区三环”的功能布局, 探讨不同功能区的开发思路, 划分出主导、重要和配套3个层次的旅游产品项目, 构建连通桥上桥下的三大游览环线, 设计出“河-人-桥”三位一体的灯光效果。最后, 通过对中国典型岩溶天生桥旅游开发方式的概括、对比和分析, 提出岩溶天生桥纵向分层旅游开发方式, 并概括出3大分层方式: (1)“桥下观光, 桥上保护”式; (2)“桥下桥上观光”式; (3)“桥下保护, 桥上观光”式。     

软岩钻孔灌注桩承载力的数值模拟

如何确定软岩地区钻孔灌注桩的承载力是一个复杂而又亟待解决的问题。本文以南京长江三桥软岩钻孔灌注桩为例,利用数值模拟法(FLAC3D模拟分析),模拟南京长江三桥软岩钻孔灌注桩逐级加载后的受力性状,根据得到的桩周土岩的应力场、位移场及破坏区的分布和扩展,确定软岩钻孔灌注桩的极限承载力。将数值模拟结果和自平衡测试结果进行比较,笔者发现两者吻合较好。