井震联合层序地层划分——以阳信洼陷沙四上亚段为例

本文对阳信洼陷三维地震资料进行时频分析划分层序,对测井曲线进行小波变换进行层序划分,以合成记录标定为桥梁,运用高精度测井曲线划分的层序去相互约束校正地震资料划分的层序,通过井震联合的多尺度匹配方法建立层序地层格架,从而实现三维地震资料和测井资料在同一级别研究目标上的综合解释,将YX洼陷沙四上段地层划分为3个四级层序和9个五级层序。实际应用效果证明,该方法能够发挥地震资料横向分辨率高与测井资料纵向分辨率高的优势,勘探效果良好。该方法适用于大部分稳定的陆相坳陷湖盆沉积环境的层序划分。     

Geophysical down-hole recognition of the Lower Devonian ‘Psammosteus’ Limestone and Townsend Tuff Bed,South Wales

Geophysical down-hole logs from the Maesteg and Senghenydd boreholes permit the recognition of the Townsend Tuff Bed and ‘Psammosteus’ Limestone markers on the basis of distinctive log motifs. The thickness of the interval between these markers is greater than at basin-margin localities and may be an indication of rapid deposition in the centre of the Anglo-Welsh basin in Lower Devonian times.     

Structure and evolution of the Bay of Pozzuoli (Italy) using marine seismic reflection data: implications for collapse of the Campi Flegrei caldera

Digital marine seismic reflection data acquired in 1973 in the Bay of Pozzuoli, and recently reprocessed, were used to study the volcanological evolution of the marine sector of Campi Flegrei Caldera during the last 37 ka. In order to gain more information, interpretation also involved estimation of the "pseudo-velocity" and the "pseudo-density" from the resistivity logs of two onshore deep exploration wells. The main results are: (1) discovery of ancient pre-18 ka and post-37 ka submarine and mainly effusive volcanic activity, along coeval emission centers located at the edges of Campi Flegrei Caldera; (2) confirmation that the caldera collapse in the marine sector of Campi Flegrei seems strongly controlled by regional NE–SW and NW–SE structural discontinuities; (3) the finding of at least two episodes of collapse in the bay; and (4) identification of a post-18 ka volcanic deflation phase that has caused about 150–200 m of subsidence in the central sector of the Bay of Pozzuoli in the last 18 ka.Editorial responsibilty: T. Druitt     

Injection experiments and thermal recovery in corehole OH-1, Lake City,California

Two injection tests, shallow and deep, followed by repeated temperature logging were performed in the Lake City, California OH-1 corehole, to delineate permeable zones, investigate the permeability of rocks adjacent to the wellbore, and to test the validity of maximum-reading thermometer (MRT) measurements collected during the drilling process that show lower than static temperatures above a depth of 2100 ft and significantly higher than static temperatures below a depth of about 2500 ft. The tests confirmed several permeable zones in OH-1. At about 300 ft, there is a strong zone of lateral flow, and at 947 ft there is a major outflow zone for injected fluid. Two other possible permeable flow zones were detected from the thermal recovery logs: one at about 1500 ft and another at about 2300 ft. The 2300 ft permeable zone seems to be an inflow zone, and the source of a probable downflow responsible for cooling the wellbore below about 2500 ft. The hotter MRT data obtained during drilling may be reconciled with the significantly lower static temperature logs if downflow from about 2300 ft is present.     

Heat flow variation with depth in Poland: evidence from equilibrium temperature logs in 2.9-km-deep well Torun-1

High-precision temperature measurements were carried out up to a depth of 2,930 m in the 5.5-km-deep well Torun-1, 26 years after completion of drilling. The temperature log provides equilibrium thermal state information for the Polish Lowland at the western margin of the Precambrian craton. Geothermal gradient calculated from the equilibrium temperature log, together with estimates of thermal conductivity from ‘net rock’ geophysical well logging analysis and available core measurements, yields heat flow in the range 50–60 mW/m² below 2-km depth. Heat flow of 50 mW/m² plus ∼10 mW/m² generated within thick sediments and highly metamorphosed sedimentary wedge is typical for the western margin of the Precambrian East European craton. Heat-flow variations with depth can be explained by a model of surface-temperature changes >10°C (glaciation to Holocene). Torun-1 Working Group: Marta Wróblewska, Jacek Majorowicz, Jan Szewczyk, Jan Šafanda, Vladimír Cermák     

Characteristics of Milankovitch Cycles in the Mid‐Permian Liangshan and Qixia Formations of the Sichuan Basin—Examples from Well‐Long17 and Well‐Wujia1

The Liangshan and Qixia formations in the Sichuan Basin of central China were formed in the earlier middle Permian. Based on outcrop observation of the Changjianggou section at Shangsi, Guangyuan region and 3rd-order sequence division in typical drillings, one-dimensional spectrum analysis has been used to choose the better curve between the natural gamma ray spectrometry log(ln(Th/K)) in Well-Long17 and the gamma ray log(GR) in Well-Wujia1, respectively, for identifying Milankovitch cycles in Sequence PSQ1 which comprises the Liangshan and Qixia formations, and then to identify the variation in the Milankovitch cycle sequences. On this basis, the system tract and 4th-order sequence interfaces in Sequence PSQ1 were found via two-dimensional spectral analysis and digital filtering. Finally, a high-frequency sequence division program was established. Among these cycles, long eccentricity (413.0 ka) and short eccentricity (123.0 ka) are the most unambiguous, and they are separately the major control factors in forming 4th-order (parasequence sets) and 5th-order (parasequences) sequences, with the average thicknesses corresponding to the main cycles being 11.47 m and 3.32 m in Well-Long17, and 14.21 m and 3.79 m in Well-Wujia1, respectively. In other words, the deposition rate in the beach subfacies is faster than that of the inner ramp facies. The ln(Th/K) curve is more sensitive than the GR as the index of relatively ancient water depth in carbonate deposition. One-dimensional spectrum analysis of ln(Th/K) curve could distinguish the Milankovitch cycle sequences that arose from the Precession cycle (20.90 ka), with a much higher credibility. Sequence PSQ1 in Well-Long17 contains 10 4th-order sequences, and the growth span of Sequence PSQ1 consisting of the Liangshan and Qixia formations is about 4.13 Ma. The single deposition thickness of the long eccentricity cycle sequence has the characteristics of thinning and then thickening in the two-dimensional spectrum, which could be used to identify the system tract interface of the 3rd-order sequence. The precession sequence thickness remains stationary. As a result, the early deposition rate in the mid-Permian of the Sichuan basin was very slow, remaining nearly stationary, and this reflects a sustained depositional environment. Whole-rock carbon and oxygen isotope curves could also prove this point. Milankovitch cycle sequence studies provide a basis for paleoenvironmental analysis and, as such, can be used to analyze ancient climate change, calculate deposition rate and deposition time, and carry out fine isochronous stratigraphic correlation.     

Method of radial sounding and elemental analysis of formations during well logging using neutron inelastic scattering gamma time-of-flight spectrometry

This paper describes a well logging method and device designed to determine radial inhomogeneities in the elemental content of the borehole environment with high spatial resolution. The sounding factor that determines the spatial resolution is the time elapsed from the moment of neutron emission from the device to the moment the device records the gamma rays from neutron inelastic scattering (inelastic gamma rays, IGRs) in the formation. The time interval characterizes the distance to the point of origin of a gamma ray, and the energy of a gamma ray passing through the formation without interaction determines the chemical element involved in inelastic scattering.Simulations have shown that at each time, the density of inelastic scattering is very well localized in space owing to the small number of fast-neutron scatterings: on average, one to two events. It is the compact localization of inelastic scattering events that provides high radial resolution (and, if necessary, high azimuth resolution) during fast-neutron sounding of formations and measurement of unsteady IGR fluxes. Recording of IGR distributions over time also provides increasing sounding depth because powerful IGR fluxes from nearby regions reach the detector at short times and do not overlap the weaker IGR fluxes from distant regions because the latter reach the detector later.To evaluate the radial resolution of the method, we calculated the response of the sonde for typical models of a borehole environment which include a borehole, an iron casing, cement, an invaded zone, and an uninvaded rock. The boundaries of spatial inhomogeneities and the elemental content in the regions between these boundaries were determined from time dependences of unscattered spectral lines in IGR spectra for the elements Ca, Si, C, O, and Fe. The results of the numerical simulation indicate a high sensitivity of the measurements to the radial boundaries and an adequate spatial resolution: about 1 cm at a 0.1 ns time sampling of logs. The interfaces between the radial zones are clearly marked in the time distributions by steep fronts with a length of 0.1 ns (at a collimation angle of the source of about 30°) to 0.15–0.4 ns (at an angle of 90°).A method of solution was formulated for the inverse problem consisting of determining the boundaries of the radial zones and the elemental content in these zones. The problem is solved using a qualitative model of the borehole environment, for example, a “borehole–casing–cement–invaded zone–uninvaded rock” model. The method is based on searching for approximating model curves to measured time distributions of unscattered IGR fluxes jointly for all components of the model. The search is conducted by spatial optimization of the sought parameters—the distances {rS} from the neutron source to the boundaries of the zones and the concentrations {C} of specified chemical compounds in these zones. The initial approximations for the sought parameters {rS} and {C} are calculated by linear inversion of logs, which proves to be very accurate because the contribution of singly scattered neutrons to the inelastic scattering density at small times (10 ns) is, on average, 50–90%.Model curves are calculated by numerical simulation of the transport of neutrons and gamma rays. An appropriate calculation method is the Monte Carlo technique. Since the multiplicity of neutron scattering is low and, for gamma rays, only the unscattered component is of interest, the numerical simulation is a fast process.The practical implementation of the method requires the use of advanced developments in the design of neutron generators, spectral gamma-ray detectors, and fast analyzers for recording subnanosecond processes. Use of associated-particle neutron generators, Ge semiconductor detectors with electron cooling or LaBr3 (Ce) and BaF2 based fast scintillator blocks of high energy resolution will allow the application of the proposed method to logging measurements.     

Gas hydrate saturation in the Krishna–Godavari basin from P-wave velocity and electrical resistivity logs

During the Indian National Gas Hydrate Program (NGHP) Expedition 01, a series of well logs were acquired at several sites across the Krishna–Godavari (KG) Basin. Electrical resistivity logs were used for gas hydrate saturation estimates using Archie’s method. The measured in situ pore-water salinity, seafloor temperature and geothermal gradients were used to determine the baseline pore-water resistivity. In the absence of core data, Arp’s law was used to estimate in situ pore-water resistivity. Uncertainties in the Archie’s approach are related to the calibration of Archie coefficient (a), cementation factor (m) and saturation exponent (n) values. We also have estimated gas hydrate saturation from sonic P-wave velocity logs considering the gas hydrate in-frame effective medium rock-physics model. Uncertainties in the effective medium modeling stem from the choice of mineral assemblage used in the model. In both methods we assume that gas hydrate forms in sediment pore space. Combined observations from these analyses show that gas hydrate saturations are relatively low (<5% of the pore space) at the sites of the KG Basin. However, several intervals of increased saturations were observed e.g. at Site NGHP-01-03 (S_h = 15–20%, in two zones between 168 and 198 mbsf), Site NGHP-01-05 (S_h = 35–38% in two discrete zone between 70 and 90 mbsf), and Site NGHP-01-07 shows the gas hydrate saturation more than 25% in two zones between 75 and 155 mbsf. A total of 10 drill sites and associated log data, regional occurrences of bottom-simulating reflectors from 2D and 3D seismic data, and thermal modeling of the gas hydrate stability zone, were used to estimate the total amount of gas hydrate within the KG Basin. Average gas hydrate saturations for the entire gas hydrate stability zone (seafloor to base of gas hydrate stability), sediment porosities, and statistically derived extreme values for these parameters were defined from the logs. The total area considered based on the BSR seismic data covers ∼720 km². Using the statistical ranges in all parameters involved in the calculation, the total amount of gas from gas hydrate in the KG Basin study area varies from a minimum of ∼5.7 trillion-cubic feet (TCF) to ∼32.1 TCF.     

Methods of identifying gas-bearing reservoirs by logs and applications of volcanic formations

The authors generalized the methods how to identify and evaluate gas zones using logs, and put forward the methods of crossplots and overlays of porosity logs on the identification of volcanic gas-bearing reservoirs in the northern Songliao Basin with good results. This study provides technical clues in deep formations and offers References for other areas to identify oil and gas layers.     

The origin of deep buried channels of Elsterian age in Northwest Germany

Buried channels cut to a depth of over 100m into the underlying substratum of North Germany are almost exclusively of Elsterian age. Evaluation of geophysical well logs in the Hamburg area for the first time allows the construction of detailed longitudinal and transverse profiles. It can be shown that an apparently chaotic infill known from borehole records in some cases is actually a regular sedimentary sequence, fining from proximal to distal. Channel formation seems to have been the result of catastrophic meltwater release in the marginal parts of the ice sheet. The channel infill reflects these episodic outbursts of meltwater. During deglaciation, the channel remnants became infilled with fine sediments. The channels ceased to exist as morphologically detectable forms at the end of the Holsteinian Stage.