黄土拱作用机理剖析

广泛分布于黄土地区的民居黄土窑洞表明,围岩土体中的黄土拱是承受荷载的结构单元。应用滑动线法绘出的土拱形状,已被实际观测资料加以证实。对黄土拱的承载力、整体稳定性进行了计算,揭示出现有的两种地层压力学说没有正确与缪误之别,只是各有其适宜的应用场合,其前提条件是整体稳定性是否满足。     

PS加固黄土力学特性试验研究

通过对不同含水率、不同密度的黄土PS加固前后的直接剪切试验和渗透试验研究,认为PS加固效果受土体的初始含水率、密度的影响明显。对相同干密度、不同含水率下的PS加固效果进行研究表明,含水率为9 %左右时强度提高效果最显著。同一干密度的土体,随着含水率的变化,土的渗透性能呈现非线性的变化。试验表明,含水率在8.5 %～11 %之间时,PS加固土体效果最好。     

运城黄土吸力特性的试验研究

应用张力计、热传导探头等吸力量测手段,对山西省运城地区黄土的吸力特性进行试验研究,测出了该黄土在脱湿过程的土-水特征曲线,该法较压力板法简单,还用FredlundandXing(1994)方程对实测数据进行了拟合。     

复合型滑坡固液耦合过程数值模拟分析——以无山坪滑坡为例

固液耦合作用是碎屑流向泥石流转化形成复合型滑坡灾害的关键因素, 会导致成灾范围和规模放大, 是防灾减灾领域研究中的热点和难点问题之一。文中采用自主研发的滑坡后破坏数值模拟平台(LPF3D, Landslides post failure 3D), 以2014年9月强降雨诱发的重庆奉节无山坪滑坡为例, 探讨了滑坡在水动力作用下远程成灾的动力过程, 揭示了固液耦合影响机制。研究结果显示: 水动力作用在滑坡运动过程中主要体现为液化和拖曳两种, 两种力学作用的增程效应明显, 往往使得碎屑流转化为泥石流, 导致远程成灾; 基于光滑粒子流体动力学(SPH)方法的两相耦合计算模型, 考虑流体状态方程、固体黏塑性本构方程和相间作用力的共同影响, 基本还原了强降雨条件下重庆奉节无山坪滑坡两相运动过程; 数值计算结果显示无山坪滑坡最大运动速度为34 m/s, 最大堆积厚度为21.5 m, 堆积面积为0.12 km2, 最远运动距离为1300 m, 模拟结果同实际滑坡的堆积形态基本一致。综上认为, 在高位远程滑坡风险调查与预测过程中, 需充分考虑强降雨工况下孔隙水压力和固液相间作用, 基于LPF3D方法的数值模拟为高位远程滑坡的风险定量评估提供了依据。     

Identifying the origin of groundwater and flow processes in complex landslides affecting black marls: insights from a hydrochemical survey

The Super‐Sauze mudslide is a persistently active slow‐moving landslide occurring in the black marl outcrops of the French South Alps. It has been intensively studied since the early 1990s. Geotechnical, geomorphological, geophysical and hydrological investigations have led to a better understanding of the processes governing the landslide motion. Water ?ows inside the system have been proven to have a major impact. To look closer at the processes involved and especially to gain a better idea of the origin and pathways of the waters, a hydrochemical study was carried out from May 2003 to May 2004. The groundwater was sampled during ?ve ?eld campaigns spread uniformly over the year. Groundwater from a network of boreholes was collected as well as spring waters from the fractured bedrock (in situ black marl) and from the moraine aquifer above the landslide. Results showed that the groundwater chemistry could not be fully explained by rainfall recharge or simple water–matrix equilibrium. A contribution of saline waters coming from the bottom of a thrust sheet overhanging the landslide was required to get the observed high mineralization. On a ?ow line, the hydrochemical evolution was related to both soil–matrix equilibrium and deep water sources coming up to the surface by means of major faults, the bedding planes and the schistosity. Hydrochemical anomalies made it possible to point out such contributions locally. It was shown that water chemistry and landslide activity were closely related. This hydrochemical investigation also enabled us to better de?ne the hydrosystem limits.Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

2005年巴基斯坦北部7.8级地震灾害调查与分析

2005年10月8日巴基斯坦北部发生了7.8级大地震,本文作者在参加中国国际救援队现场地震救援的同时,深入地震重灾分布区开展了工程震害的现场调查工作。本文基于震害调查结果,分析了此次地震灾害状况和工程震灾特点,探讨了其产生的原因,并且给出了一些经验教训。     

油气区地表黄土磁化率异常直接指示油气藏研究

油气区地表黄土具有磁化率异常,早已是一 个不争的事实,而为什么会产生这种异常,以及这 种异常对探测油气藏是否具有某种指导性意义,一 直是国内外油气地球物理工作者关注和研究的课题 之一。本文作者对油气区地表黄土磁化率异常成因 进行了分析,并采用适当的数学手段,对中国西部 某油气区黄土样品磁化率观测值进行了处理;合理 地划分出黄土磁化率背景值,根据磁化率异常确定 油气远景区和量化评价因子。经过实际油井验证, 证明了应用磁化率指示油气藏信息的有效性。     

南海北部陆坡水合物分解引起海底不稳定性的定量分析

分析了天然气水合物分解引起海底斜坡不稳定性的原因,探讨了水合物分解引起沉积物层孔隙压力变化规律.以南海北部神狐海域水合物样品钻获区为研究对象,应用极限平衡法探讨了海底无限斜坡的稳定性问题,计算了设定的不同滑动面的安全系数,建立了目标不稳定区相关参数条件下的水合物分解与海底斜坡不稳定的模式图,模拟计算了不同程度的水合物分解对海底斜坡失稳的影响作用.结果表明：在假设条件下,南海神狐海域当水深为1200 m,沉积物层厚度为200 m,对于20°的较大坡角,沉积物层中5%水合物分解将引起海底斜坡失稳;斜坡坡角为5°时,沉积物层中15%水合物分解后,将会引起海底斜坡失稳;当斜坡坡角为3°或更小时,沉积物层中25%水合物分解后,将会引起海底斜坡失稳.     

海底滑坡对天然气水合物和游离气分布及富集的影响

三维地震和随钻测井数据表明在珠江口盆地南部发育了海底滑坡、天然气水合物和游离气,是研究海底滑坡对天然气水合物和游离气分布与富集影响的典型区域.本文基于有效介质模型与阿尔奇方程计算了饱和水层的纵波速度和电阻率,并与实测的纵波速度和电阻率对比,识别了天然气水合物层和多个游离气层.结合三维地震数据的相干、振幅等属性变化,发现海底滑坡不同位置天然气水合物、游离气和断层的空间分布存在差异.由于海底滑坡侵蚀作用导致天然气水合物稳定带底界下移,当相对富砂储层位于新调整的稳定带底界之上,并且局部发育的断层连通了游离气层时,水合物广泛分布;而稳定带底界下方缺乏断层的区域,游离气缺乏向上运移的有利通道,被圈闭在相对较深的地层,水合物并不发育.该研究为进一步探讨水合物和游离气的分布与海底滑坡作用的关系提供了直接证据,并为水合物与游离气合采目标的探寻提供思路.

     

Prediction of the behaviour of landslide dams using a geomorphological dimensionless index

Landslide dams are a common phenomenon. They form when a landslide reaches the bottom of a river valley causing a blockage. The first effect of such a dam is the infilling of a lake that inundates the areas upstream, while the possibility of a sudden dam collapse, with a rapid release of the impounded waters, poses a higher flood risk to the downstream areas. The results of the main inventories carried out to date on landslide dams, have been examined to determine criteria for forecasting landslide dam evolution with particular emphasis on the assessment of dam stability. Not all landslides result in the blockage of a river channel. This only occurs with ones that can move a large amount of material with moderate or high‐velocities. In most cases, these landslides are triggered by rainfall events or high magnitude earthquakes. A relationship also exists between the volume of the displaced material and the landslide dam stability. Several authors have proposed that landslide dam behaviour can be forecast by defining various geomorphological indexes, that result from the combination of variables identifying both the dam and the dammed river channel. Further developments of this geomorphological approach are presented in this paper by the definition of a dimensionless blockage index. Starting with an analysis of 84 episodes selected worldwide, it proved to be a useful tool for making accurate predictions concerning the fate of a landslide dam. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.