提高《控制测量》课程教学效果的探讨

《控制测量》是高职院校工程测量技术专业的核心课,课程的理论知识与实践技能结合性强,不仅要求学生掌握控制测量的相关理论知识,还要掌握实用性很强的技能点,如GNSS静态控制测量、精密导线测量、精密水准测量和三角高程测量等。为了更好的教授该课程,结合多年的教学经验、学生学习及反馈情况,从教材与实训指导书选用、教学设计与教学内容改革、教学方法改革等方面进行探讨,并对课程教学效果的提高进行了反思总结,提出了提高教学效果的几点措施。     

南方红壤侵蚀区长汀县不同生态恢复年限下芒萁叶绿素含量的高光谱估算模型

芒萁是南方红壤侵蚀区生态恢复重要的地带性草本植物,对生态系统修复具有重要作用,监测其叶绿素含量能有效诊断生长健康状况。本文以福建省长汀县朱溪流域6个不同生态恢复年限下的芒萁叶片高光谱反射数据以及实测叶绿素含量为数据源,借助高光谱遥感技术分析不同恢复年限芒萁叶片原始光谱特征,筛选出光谱敏感波段并构建光谱指数,基于相关性分析,建立芒萁叶绿素单变量以及多元逐步回归模型,并确定最佳估算模型。结果表明：高光谱指数建立的单变量估算模型中,改进红边归一化植被指数（mNDVI₇₀₅）、叶面叶绿素指数（LCI）、红边指数（Vog）、比值光谱指数（RVI_603/407）、NDVI[603,407]高光谱指数建立的二次模型精度高,建模决定系数R²均超过了0.8,其中以高光谱指数为自变量建立的多元回归模型拟合R²值（0.886）最高。综合建模精度和模型验证精度,LCI指数构建的单变量模型以及基于高光谱指数的多元回归模型是估算芒萁叶片叶绿素含量最佳模型。本研究建立的叶绿素高光谱估算模型对快速、无损地监测水保植物芒萁生长具有重要意义。     

南海上层热含量的年代际变化及影响因子分析

南海上层海洋热力结构年代际变化的研究,是海气相互作用与变化研究的热点之一,对南海区域及更大范围的气候异常的研究和南海海洋环流年际变化的研究都具有重要意义。本文采用多套海温、流场和海气界面通量资料,基于热平衡方程和统计分析方法,分析了南海上层热含量的年代际变化,研究了南海上层热含量影响因子的变化特征,比较了混合层及混合层以下热含量变化的异同,进而探讨了影响因子在混合层及混合层以下的不同作用;利用区域积分海温方程后得到的热量收支方程,诊断南海内区不同海域的热收支方程中的各项,发现了不同海域在影响热收支的物理过程方面存在差异。结果表明:南海混合层的热含量的变化主要受海气界面热通量的影响,夹卷效应在热含量的变化中也有接近1/3的贡献。在整个上层400m的热含量变化中,平流效应占据了主导地位。     

急性低盐度胁迫对可口革囊星虫存活、Na+/K+-ATP酶及磷酸酶活力的影响

为探讨低盐度急性胁迫对可口革囊星虫(Phascolosoma esculenta)的影响规律,研究可口革囊星虫对急性低盐度胁迫的响应机制,本试验先通过急性毒性试验确定可口革囊星虫96 h内对低盐度的耐受范围,再选取96 h最小死亡率盐度,研究该盐度急性胁迫下可口革囊星虫(平均体质量0.85±0.07 g)体质量、体壁含水量、Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活力以及酸碱磷酸酶活力在96 h内的动态变化。结果表明:在本试验盐度3.0～7.0范围内,可口革囊星虫24 h的最大死亡率盐度是3.0,可口革囊星虫96 h的最小死亡率盐度为7.0;可口革囊星虫死亡率随盐度降低逐渐升高,但相同盐度下随着时间延长,可口革囊星虫死亡率基本不变,可口革囊星虫96h内能耐受的最低盐度是7.0;在低盐度7.0胁迫下,可口革囊星虫体质量和体壁含水量在12 h内显著增大(P0.05),12 h后趋于平稳(P0.05);Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活力也在6 h内显著升高至最大值(P0.05),6 h至12h又显著降低(P0.05),此后稳定在高于对照组水平;酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活力变化趋势与Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活力类似,均是先显著升高(P0.05)后显著降低(P0.05),最后稳定在高于对照组水平。以上研究表明,可口革囊星虫能够通过Na~+/K~+-ATP酶、酸碱磷酸酶等渗透和免疫相关的生理调节机制,迅速响应低盐度环境,其对低盐度有很强的适应力和耐受力。     

Quantifying the non-conservative production of potential temperature over the past 22000 years

The energy budgets of the ocean play a crucial role in the analysis of climate change. Potential temperature is traditionally used as a conservative quantity to express variations associated with “heat” in oceanography, such as the heat content and heat transport. However, potential temperature is usually not conserved during turbulent mixing, so the use of conservative temperature is more accurate. Based on climatological simulations under the modern and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM;~21 ka;ka=thousand years ago), as well as a transient climate simulation of the past 22 000 years, we quantify the errors induced by the neglect of the non-conservation of potential temperature in paleo-climate research for the first time. The temperature error reaches 0.9℃ near the coasts aff ected by river discharges but is much smaller in the open oceans, typically 0.03°C above the main thermocline and less than 0.01℃ elsewhere. The error of the ocean heat content (OHC) is roughly 3×10^22 J and is relatively steady over the past 22 000 years. However, the OHC increases to six times the original value during the last glacial termination from 20 ka to 7 ka. As a result, the relative OHC error decreases from 1.2% in the LGM climate to 0.14% in the modern climate. The error of the ocean meridional heat transport (OMHT) is generally smaller than 0.005 PW (1 PW=10 15 W), with very small temporal variations (typically 0.000 4 PW), and induces a relative OMHT error of typically 0.3% over the past 22 000 years. Therefore, the neglect of the non-conservation of potential temperature induces a relative error of generally less than 1% in the analyses of basin-scale climate variations.     

多模型耦合下的植被冠层可燃物含水率遥感反演

植被冠层可燃物含水率FMC(Fuel Moisture Content)是评估野火风险及估算火灾蔓延速率的重要指标。以中国西部6个典型研究区为例,基于辐射传输模型,利用Landsat 5 TM及Landsat 8 OLI遥感数据,开展草原、森林冠层FMC定量反演研究。为克服基于物理模型的病态反演问题、FMC自身的弱敏感性问题及西南森林多具复杂的双层冠层结构问题,研究中考虑了模型参数之间的相关特征,使用多波段遥感数据及耦合辐射传输模型等方法。反演结果显示,总体植被冠层FMC反演精度R~2为0.64,RMSE为44.86%,其中草地冠层FMC的反演精度(R~2=0.64,RMSE=47.57%)略低于森林冠层FMC的反演精度(R~2=0.71,RMSE=30.82%)。为进一步论证该反演结果对野火风险评估的有效性,研究中选取并分析了2011年3月2日于云南大理白族自治州剑川县金华镇金和村森林火灾爆发前、爆发时及灾后该区域植被冠层FMC的变化特征。结果显示,火灾爆发时该地区植被冠层FMC明显低于火灾发生前后(约一月时间)植被冠层FMC,证明了本文FMC反演结果对野火风险评估的有效性。     

地图专题信息量的测量方法研究

对已有的地图信息量测量法进行介绍,针对已有的专题信息量测量方法单方面关注符号类型数量或拓扑邻接性,缺乏对影响专题信息量主要因素的分析提取的问题,分析提出影响专题信息的主要因素——符号类型数量、混合度和每种类型占比,在此基础上提出基于拓扑中心符号的专题信息量测量法、基于全局的专题信息量测量法和基于特征的专题信息测量法。实验表明,以上改进方法对地图符号专题信息量的计算结果更加有效,能够更好地符合人的空间认知特性。     

Effect of graded levels of dietary carbohydrate on growth,feed utilisation and intestinal microbial community structure in dusky kob Argyrosomus japonicus fed a pelleted diet

The ability to utilise carbohydrates is limited for many predatory marine fishes. Graded levels of dietary carbohydrate (4.1–24.6%) were formulated using pregelatinised maize starch, to determine optimal levels for dusky kob Argyrosomus japonicus, an emerging mariculture finfish for which pelleted feeds are being developed. Specific growth rate increased with an increase in the carbohydrate level up to 16.72%, after which it declined. Feed utilisation followed a similar trend, with the best feed conversion ratio (1.28) and protein efficiency ratio (1.76) recorded at 16.4% carbohydrate. Lipid vacuolisation of the hepatocytes was evident in all livers examined, with melano-macrophage aggregates in those of fish fed 24.6% carbohydrate suggesting starvation. Gut bacterial community profiles were variable but were not influenced by dietary carbohydrate level and differed mostly between fish fed trout feed prior to the trial and those fed experimental diets containing starch. The dusky kob were able to clear glucose from their blood when fed up to 16.4% carbohydrate, but glucose removal was not achieved at 24.6% carbohydrate. In conclusion, dusky kob has a limited ability to utilise cooked starch as a carbohydrate source, which may be included in pelleted feed at 16.4% without adverse effects. For this species, levels of dietary carbohydrate above this may result in symptoms consistent with physiological breakdown, including reduced growth, reduced feed intake and feed conversion efficiency, prolonged hyperglycaemia, liver pathology and altered microbial communities in the foregut.     

A fuzzy formal concept analysis-based approach to uncovering spatial hierarchies among vague places extracted from user-generated data

The spatial hierarchy of part-whole relationships is an essential characteristic of the platial world. Constructing spatial hierarchies of places is valuable in association analysis and qualitative spatial reasoning. The emergence of large amounts of geotagged user-generated content provides strong support for modelling places. However, the vague nature of places and the complex spatial relationships among places make it intractable to understand and represent the hierarchies among places. In this paper, we introduce a fuzzy formal concept analysis-based approach to uncovering the spatial hierarchies among vague places. Each place is represented as a concept that consists of its extent and its intent. Based on the place concepts, the spatial hierarchies are generated and expressed as a graph that is easy to comprehend and contains abundant information on spatial relations. We also demonstrate the rationality of our result by comparing it with the result of a questionnaire survey.     

昔格达组半成岩微观结构与力学性质研究

以金沙江寨子村昔格达组半成岩为研究对象,通过X射线衍射、电镜扫描,测定了矿物成分、天然与饱和状态矿物颗粒微观结构;通过三轴压缩试验,研究了昔格达组半成岩受水和围压影响的强度及变形变化规律,并探讨了微观机制;通过对昔格达组半成岩、土、软岩强度指标与含水率的关系进行统计,分析了昔格达组半成岩不同于土和软岩的强度特性,并给出了针对此类岩土体的工程分级建议。研究表明：（1）微观结构显示昔格达组半成岩有明显不同于土和岩石的弱胶结结构特征,在饱和后胶结结构易遭破坏;（2）昔格达组半成岩黏聚力、摩擦角均随含水率增加而减小,平均模量在高含水率下随围压增加而增大,围压一定时随含水率增加而减小;（3）昔格达组半成岩、土、软岩的黏聚力大小为软岩>昔格达组半成岩>土,黏聚力对含水率的敏感性为软岩>昔格达组半成岩>土,摩擦角对含水率的敏感性为土>昔格达组半成岩>软岩;（4）将Φ50 mm×100 mm标准试件的单轴抗压强度在0.2～3 MPa,黏聚力在30～200 kPa的岩土体归类为硬土?软岩,建议在工程实际应用中将其与岩石和土进行区分。